All living organisms, from single-cell bacteria to humans, manage to survive by processing information about the favorable and adverse conditions in their environment. This information processing ability arises from highly complicated networks consisting of thousands of proteins, genes and gene-expression pathways all of which lead to specific outputs. The structure of this process is quite stereotypical and conserved among various types of cells and consists of sensors that collect information and transduce it further into the cell, processors that integrate the information and decide on a specific response and actuators that perform it.