Difference between revisions of "Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/HP/Silver"

 
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border-style: none none dashed dashed;
 
border-style: none none dashed dashed;
 
border-width:5px;
 
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padding-left:50px;
 
padding-right:50px;
 
padding-right:50px;
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border-style: none none dashed dashed;
 
border-style: none none dashed dashed;
 
border-width:5px;
 
border-width:5px;
−
border-color:#808080;
+
border-color:#7e1002;
 
padding:50px;
 
padding:50px;
 
}
 
}
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border-style: none dashed dashed none;
 
border-style: none dashed dashed none;
 
border-width:5px;
 
border-width:5px;
−
border-color:#808080;
+
border-color:#7e1002;
 
padding:50px;
 
padding:50px;
 
}
 
}
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border-style: none dashed none none;
 
border-style: none dashed none none;
 
border-width:5px;
 
border-width:5px;
−
border-color:#808080;
+
border-color:#7e1002;
 
padding:50px;
 
padding:50px;
 
}
 
}
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border-style: none none none dashed;
 
border-style: none none none dashed;
 
border-width:5px;
 
border-width:5px;
−
border-color:#808080;
+
border-color:#7e1002;
 
padding:50px;
 
padding:50px;
 
}
 
}
−
 
  
  
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}
 
}
  
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/*A lot of code for the line between the header and the body */
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  font-size: 45pt;
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background-color:#000000;
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border-bottom: 3px solid transparent; /*A lot of code for the line between the header and the body */
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}
 
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/* Banner: name of the page */
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background-color:#000000;
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.header_Project_constructs {
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−
  font-size: 45pt;
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bottom: 50px;
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position:bottom;
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  background-image: url("pictures_17/backgrounds/DNA.jpg"); /*, linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffffff, #e6e6e6); /*#0c749c, #145071*/
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background-color:#000000;
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−
  font-size: 45pt;
 
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height:auto;
 
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  background-repeat: no-repeat;
 
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background-color:#000000;
 
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−
.header_Team_supervisors {
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−
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background-color:#000000;
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−
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−
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
 
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−
background-color:#000000;
 
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−
  font-size: 45pt;
 
−
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−
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−
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−
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−
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−
height:auto;*/
 
−
  background-attachment: fixed;
 
−
  background-position: center;
 
−
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
 
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  background-size: cover;
 
−
background-color:#000000;
 
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−
  font-size: 45pt;
 
−
  color: black;
 
−
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−
position:bottom;
 
−
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−
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−
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−
  background-attachment: fixed;
 
−
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−
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
 
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−
 
−
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−
  font-size: 45pt;
 
−
  color: black;
 
−
  text-align: center;
 
−
position:bottom;
 
−
  background-image: url("pictures_17/backgrounds/Notebook.jpg"); /*, linear-gradient(to bottom, #ffffff, #e6e6e6); /*#0c749c, #145071*/
 
−
  /*min-height: 750px;
 
−
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−
  background-attachment: fixed;
 
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  background-position: center;
 
−
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
 
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−
background-color:#000000;
 
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−
 
−
.header_Notebook_lab_safety {
 
−
  font-size: 45pt;
 
−
  color: black;
 
−
  text-align: center;
 
−
position:bottom;
 
−
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−
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−
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−
  background-attachment: fixed;
 
−
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−
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
 
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−
background-color:#000000;
 
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−
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−
 
 
.header-text {
 
.header-text {
 
   background-color: transparent;
 
   background-color: transparent;
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h2 {
 
h2 {
 
text-align:left;
 
text-align:left;
−
         font-size:20pt;
+
         font-size:18pt;
 
}
 
}
  
Line 1,628: Line 1,364:
 
               <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/InterLab">Interlab study</a>
 
               <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/InterLab">Interlab study</a>
 
               <hr>
 
               <hr>
−
               <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/Achievements/medal">Medals</a>
+
               <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/Achievements/medal">Accomplishments</a>
 
             </div>
 
             </div>
 
           </li>
 
           </li>
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    <div class="header-text">HUMAN PRACTICES</div>
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            <h3>Human practices</h3>
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            <a class="sub-level" href="#design">Designing the prototype</a>
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            <a class="sub-level" href="#printing">The printing</a>
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          <h2 class="h2style">Initial ideas</h2>
 
 
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From the beginning of the project, the idea to create a <b>prototype</b> that could be used for a potential screening program seemed very inviting. By creating such a device, it would also be necessary to truly consider the potential use of the project. The features found most important in a good final product were <b>safety and ease of use</b>, low rate of misdiagnosis as well as <b>low price</b> and thus <b>availability</b> to many in need.
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The iGEM competition is a <b>lot more than just wet lab and modelling</b>. With the rapid development in synthetic biology, the need for creating awareness on how it could potentially affect the society and environment is great. Human practices entails considering all the different aspects that is influenced by the new technology. These can include <b>ethical, social, legal, and economical issues</b> as well as concerns regarding <b>biosafety</b>.
 
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To get started, a prototype brainstorming meeting enabled different ideas to be discussed and the best alternatives are presented in this paragraph. One conclusion made, was that the accuracy of the test is less dependent on the prototype construction than on the system design, which can be read about in the <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/Description">project description</a>. This part of the wiki focuses on how to make use of the system in the best possible way.
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In our project, we aimed to <b>spread information</b> about the applications of synthetic biology and its potential in helping solve some of the problems in the world. We did this by having lectures both at our own university for students and at Lund’s University for the public. We wanted to reach out and get people interested in the field and <b>inspire to think outside the box</b> by solving problems using applications no one thought imaginable, for example using baker's yeast for detection of lung cancer.  
 
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         <p class="text">
 
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The first question faced in the brainstorming was whether the sensor should be possible to use at home or if it should only be used in a controlled environment such as a hospital. The initial idea was to have a <b>yeast filter</b> which one could exhale through, exposing the yeast to potential VOCs. After careful consideration this alternative was deemed <b>too riskful</b>. For people without proper knowledge, handling genetically modified yeast might pose too much of a risk, especially since the yeast would be <b>close to the mouth</b>. Therefore it would be better if the test was handled at a hospital by personnel with appropriate education. One problem with this idea could be that doctors or nurses generally are not used to working with yeast and thus extra personnel would be needed. Also, with the yeast on a filter it would still be close to the mouth. Since it was decided that <b>simplicity and safety</b> are important characteristics of the device, the conclusion of the initial thoughts was that it would be preferable if doctors or nurses <b>not were required to handle the yeast</b> and that the yeast would not be located on a filter. With this in mind, a new idea took form.  
+
To further reach out and integrate human practices in the project, we developed a <b>screening program</b> for lung cancer, which involved working with the different criterias for screening programs, including <b>biosafety</b>, carry out discussions with scientists and physicians within the field, designing and producing a <b>prototype </b>and creating and spreading a <b>survey</b> concerning the public’s view on a potential screening program for lung cancer.
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        <h4 class="subtitle">Outreach</h4>
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 +
An important part of every iGEM project is to <b>spread information about synthetic biology</b> and its applications to the public. It is also important to <b>reach out</b> to the public and tell them about your own project and answer the questions that they might have and <b>establish a dialogue</b>. To do this we did some outreach to the university and the public through different channels and in different ways.
 
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           <h2 class="h2style">The sample bags</h2>  
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           <h2 class="h2style">University outreach</h2>  
 
         <p class="text">
 
         <p class="text">
−
Commercially available <b>sample bags</b> that could be used to collect and store <b>VOCs</b> from the exhaled breath were found after some research. If such bags were used, the risk for patients and doctors to come in contact with yeast would be eliminated. After filling the bags with exhaled air they would be sent to laboratory facilities where incubation with the yeast would be conducted. This idea appeared <b>safer and more practical</b>, but new questions arose. How would the yeast be exposed to the VOCs? How much air would be needed to give enough VOCs for the yeast to be able to sense it?
+
We wanted to make our whole university aware of the cool project that we were working on and therefore decided to spread information about iGEM and our BREATHtaking biosensor. We did this in two ways; by having a <b>lunch lecture</b> and and also making a <b>mini series</b> about the project in cooperation with Chalmers University of Technology.  
 
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         <p class="text">
 
         <p class="text">
−
The <b>concentration of VOCs</b> in the breath is low, in the <b>parts per billion range</b> for both octanal [1] and butanone [2]. The <b>sensitivity of GPCRs</b> is varying. According to Minic et. al [3] RatI7 can sense <b>5*10^-14 - 5*10^-4 M</b> while Olfr1258 can sense around <b>5*10^-4 M</b> [4]. Since the amount of VOCs needed is unsure, it is safe to assume that a couple of liters of air would most likely be needed. However, to keep the yeast incubated with that much air requires a large, bulky vessel. This could be solved by creating a <b>recirculation system</b> with the air from the sample bags bubbling through the suspended yeast culture. In that way the yeast could be exposed to all the collected air but only a smaller amount at a time.  
+
The <b>lunch lecture</b> was about iGEM and our project and was conducted for Chalmers students, primarily biotechnology students. We answered questions and encouraged the students to get interested in synthetic biology, to support us and join the team next year.
 
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         </p>
 
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 +
 +
<figure>
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/84/T--Chalmers-Gothenburg--Nollan-presentation-cut.jpg" alt="Chalmers presentation" style="height:500px; width:750px;">
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          <h2 class="h2style">Consulting with experts</h2>
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          Meeting with Associate Professor Carl Johan Franzén
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         <p class="text">
 
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To discuss the design of such a <b>recirculation system</b>, Carl Johan Franzén was contacted. Carl Johan is Associate Professor in Bioreaction engineering at Chalmers and has many years of experience in working with yeast. The general idea considered was to have a tube with a specially designed lid that would be compatible with the recirculation system. With the use of a compressor, the <b>VOCs could be pumped through the yeast media</b>. Air from the tube should also be led back to the sample bag through a pipe. With enough recirculation and a small enough vessel the advantage would be that a shaking incubator would not be needed. The discussion also covered whether the system would have a problem with <b>oxygen limitations</b>. Carl Johan gave the advise to calculate how much oxygen that is needed and compare to how much breath contains. If the amount of oxygen in the breath is not enough, it might be possible to dilute the collected breath with oxygen. This solution would require the sensitivity of the receptors to be taken into account to ensure high enough <b>VOC concentration</b> to match the <b>range of recognition</b> for the receptors. A third option would be to switch between the collected air, containing VOCs and pure oxygen. To minimize the oxygen consumption the growth rate of the cells should be kept low, possibly with limiting media.  
+
Even though the lunch lecture was great, the team was not content with only reaching out to biotechnology students. Therefore we reached out to <b>Chalmers Public Relations</b> section and they made a <b>mini series</b> in three parts which they distributed on their Facebook page. This way, we reached a broader crowd, both within and outside the university. In the two first episodes we explain our project, our achievements and <b>plan for the Jamboree in Boston</b>. The last episode will be released after Boston, where the viewers will see how great the Jamboree in Boston was.  
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Carl Johan also thought that the use of a spectrophotometer or a plate reader should be considered since it would allow the amount of cells that turn red to be measured. If it would be possible, the plating of the cells would be avoided. It would, however be more expensive. An advantage of using a plate is the ease of analysis since it does not require additional instrumentation.
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           Consulting with Professor Per Sunnerhagen
+
           Lecture about synthetic biology with team iGEM Lund
 
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         <p class="text">
 
         <p class="text">
−
To learn more about the mating process and the ADE2 gene and how it affects the colour of the cells, an email conversation with Professor Per Sunnerhagen at University of Gothenburg was initiated. <br>
+
We <b>collaborated</b> with team <b>iGEM Lund</b> and held a lecture about synthetic biology in Lund at Lunds University’s 350 year anniversary. The lecture was open for the public and the information was kept at a popular scientific level. The lecture started with the <b>history of traditional genetic engineering</b> and continued with the description of <b>synthetic biology</b>. When the audience understood the concept of synthetic biology, each iGEM team presented their own project and how they used synthetic biology.
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He explained that he <b>did not believe oxygen limitation to be a problem</b> since the mating process is not particularly oxygen demanding. Additionally, he mentioned the possibility to see the difference in colour of the cells, in liquid media, if the cell density is high enough. He was not aware of the ability of a spectrophotometer to detect the red colour but gave the advice that ADE2 mutants accumulates a polymer of aminoimidazoleribotide which generates a <b>red-orange fluorescent</b> that can easily be seen in a microscope. That ADE2 mutant fluorescence could be helpful both for designing the prototype but also in the lab, where it might be difficult to distinguish the red colour in a colony if only a few of the cells are stained.  
+
 
         </p>
 
         </p>
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<figure>
 +
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/85/T--Chalmers-Gothenburg--Lund.JPG" alt="Lund presentation" style="height:500px; width:750px;">
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          <h2 class="h2style">Contact with PExA</h2>
 
 
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         <p class="text">
−
In addition to consulting experts, the <b>Swedish market</b> was researched since all inputs are beneficial when developing a suitable screening strategy and prototype for the project. The goal was to find companies and professionals working within the field that could aid in modifying and improving the idea. One company that the iGEM team came in contact with was <b>PExA</b> (Particles in Exhaled Air). The company works with sampling small particles from exhaled air.  
+
The lecture continued with <b>future applications</b> of synthetic biology and the <b>ethical aspects</b> were discussed. Research and responsibility goes hand in hand and the main message of this part was that it is important to think and discuss ethical dilemmas and questions before conducting any experiment. Different views on different subjects were presented in a natural way to let the audience create their own opinion. The lecture ended with a talk about <b>scientific communication</b>; how the communication work between researchers and the public today and why it is important to establish such a conversation.
 
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         <p class="text">
 
         <p class="text">
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Founded in 2014, PExA is a company that have created a new method to <b>collect particles from the lungs</b>. The company divides the method into two big parts, sampling and analysis of particles. The sampling device is non-invasive and easy to use. The patient exhales repeatedly into a mouthpiece connected to the machine and the exhaled particles are then collected on a membrane. Each sample usually consists of ~20 % proteins and ~80 % phospholipids, which are used for analysis. The machine is today involved in different research projects for example the search for new biomarkers for early detection of lung diseases.  
+
After the lecture, the audience had the possibility to <b>talk with the speakers</b> and either ask questions or discuss specific subjects. There were questions about the project and some discussion about ethics, showing that the audience got interested and started to form their own opinions.  
 
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          Lung cancer survey
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         <p class="text">
 
         <p class="text">
−
Since they are experts in the area of <b>breath analysis</b> and sampling correlated to sickness, a contact was established with PExA and a <b>study visit</b> was scheduled. The aim of the meeting was to learn more about the technique, the market and to get feedback on the iGEM project.
+
To further reach out to the public and to get their help when designing a screening program, we created a <b>survey</b> about lung cancer screening program. We wanted to see what the public thought about having regular examinations for lung cancer, similar to how we screen for breast cancer in Sweden. We also investigated if the public thought that the tax money should finance or subsidized these screenings. This survey was open for everyone to answer and spread via different communication channels. A few more results from the survey is presented in <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/HP/Gold_Integrated">Integrated human practices, screening program</a>.
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At the meeting the team started with a short introduction about the project and the representative from PExA, Svante Höjer, in charge of the development at the company, held a short presentation of the company. The main part of the meeting focused on discussing the project.
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PExA explained how they <b>collect the particles</b> with a Teflon membrane which makes it possible and easy to concentrate the particles at one place. This fact made the team rethink the original sampling idea, which comprised the use of airbags designed for containing VOCs. One of the problems with the airbags is the need for a large amount of air to obtain a high enough concentration of VOCs. This is <b>problematic</b> both due to the constraint put on the patient as well as the inefficiency in the <b>transportation</b> of large volumes of air. Also, the air can only be stored in the bags a limited amount of time, or the VOCs can condense on the walls of the bag. If possible, it would therefore be preferable to instead use a <b>small fiber</b>.
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          <h2 class="h2style">Designing the prototype</h2>
 
 
         <p class="text">
 
         <p class="text">
−
After the new idea had arisen, a brainstorming session was held to research the possibilities to use a fiber and to discuss which idea to further work with as well as their advantages and disadvantage.  
+
We <b>collaborated</b> with <b>iGEM Bilkent-UNAMBG</b> and let them distribute the survey in their country to see if the results would differ between countries. The participation was good, with 605 and 268 participants in Sweden and Turkey respectively.  
 
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         <p class="text">
 
         <p class="text">
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The conclusion from this session was that the idea with the fiber was the one to be developed. SPME and similar fibers absorbing VOCs are commercially available and could be used for our system. The largest advantage with this idea is that the device would be more manageable and that the fiber would be much easier to transport from a hospital to the laboratory facilities. A potential drawback though would be the extra step needed to extract the VOCs from the fiber in order to expose the yeast to them. Though compared to the recirculation system in the sample bags idea, the extraction step is probably less cumbersome. Available SPME fibers could possibly be used as they are, but a more optimized version would be to prefer.  <br>
+
When asking the question: “If you would have been called for a free regular medical checkup (screening) for lung cancer every year, would you go?” both countries showed identical results, see Figure 1. The <b>majority</b> of the participants (89 %) in the survey <b>would go</b> to the medical check-up, showing a positive attitude for the screening program.  
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One idea would be to use a porous fiber as a filter, place this in the device and exhale through it. Important in such a design would be that the fiber-filter is not too compact which would make exhaling through the device difficult. The fiber could be sent to a laboratory facility where the VOCs is extracted and added to the yeast media.
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For the design of the prototype, a relatively small device was considered desirable in order to make it easy to use. It would also be good, for both practical and environmental reasons, if as much as possible of the device was reusable to enable easy cleaning. A two-part option was therefore considered. One main part where the fiber-filter could be placed and one mouthpiece to blow through. In this design, only the filter would be disposable.
+
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Another important part of the design is to minimize the impact of the surroundings. Since the system will be very sensitive, it is important to avoid that air, other than the exhaled air from the patient, comes in contact with the fiber. For this purpose, valves in the mouthpiece and in the end of the device could be used.
+
−
To control the background levels of the VOCs, the test should take place in a controlled hospital or laboration facility with oxygen masks or VOCs free air to inhale if necessary. Since the secretion of VOCs also can depend on the food intake, the patient is restricted not to eat a couple of hours before the test, in order for the result to be reliable .
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          <h2 class="h2style">The printing</h2>
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With these thoughts in mind the prototype was <b>designed in CAD</b>, as may be seen in figure 1 and 2.  
+
 
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<figure>
 
<figure>
−
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/1e/T--Chalmers-Gothenburg--prototype_horizontal.png" alt="Prototype design 1" style="height:40%; width:40%;">
+
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/ed/T--Chalmers-Gothenburg--survey1.png" alt="Survey answers" style="height:283px; width:486px;">
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<div><b>Figure 1.</b> The first CAD design of the prototype.</div>
+
<figcaption><b>Figure 1.</b> Results for the question: <i>“If you would have been called for a free regular medical checkup (screening) for lung cancer every year, would you go?”</i></figcaption>
 
</figure>
 
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 +
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In addition to this, the team also contacted a former iGEM team member <b>David Hansson</b>, now working with his master’s thesis on the department of Systems and Synthetic biology at Chalmers University of Technology. He offered to aid with <b>3D-printing of the prototype</b> and he printed the first prototype after the provided design.
 
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−
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/b/ba/T--Chalmers-Gothenburg--prototype_vertical.png" alt="Prototype design 2" style="height:40%; width:40%;">
 
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<div><b>Figure 2.</b> The same design but with the mouthpiece placed beside the main part.</div>
 
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 +
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After some consideration the prototype was deemed slightly too big. The mouthpiece could be too big and therefore hard to blow through and the whole device seemed unnecessary long. David made it shorter and scaled it down and printed it again. This time the prototype was perceived too small for holding in the hand even though the mouthpiece was more suitable. The design was therefore settled on a mixture of these two alternatives. The mouthpiece from the smaller version was extended but the size was otherwise kept. The main part had the same size as in the bigger version but was shortened.  
+
When asked the following question: “Do you think such a screening program should be totally financed or subsidized by the government?” the result showed that <b>most of the participants</b> think a lung cancer screening program should be either <b>funded or subsidized by the government</b>, seeFigure 2. The large difference between the countries is that most participants for Sweden think a subsidization would be the best while the majority from Turkey believe that the whole screening program should be financed by the government. Overall, there seems to be a positive attitude about setting up a lung screening program in both countries.  
 
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<div><b>Figure 3.</b> The final prototype design.</div>
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<figcaption><b>Figure 2.</b> Results for the question: <i>“Do you think such a screening program should be totally financed or subsidized by the government?”</i></figcaption>
 
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The idea of how to use the device is to <b>place the fiber-filter</b> in the opening, <b>exhale through the device</b>, pause for a minute, exhale through again and repeat this a few times. After that the fiber-filter can be sent to the laboratory facilities where the <b>VOCs are extracted and added to the yeast</b>. The color of the yeast cells are then closely watch and analysed, <b>hoping that the yeast don’t turn red</b>.
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A vital part of working with the project and creating a screening program was to <b>take the safety into consideration</b>. It is important to ensure that <b>neither patients, hospital nor lab workers would be exposed to any risks.</b>  
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The first step was to make sure that neither patients or physicians would be in contact with the genetically modified yeast created in this project. If the risk of exposure is removed, it will also simplify the regulation issues. The exposure will be reduced using a prototype with a specific filter that will bind the VOCs when breathed on by the patient. This design allows the patient to breath into the prototype several times to increase the amount of VOCs trapped in the filter. The filter can then be sent to laboratory facilities where the VOCs are dissolved and exposed to the yeast to enable detection. See a more detailed description of the method in <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/HP/Gold_Integrated">Integrated human practices, the prototype</a>. With this design, the need to bring genetically modified yeast into a hospital environment is made redundant. In Sweden a specific approval is needed to be able to work with genetically modified organisms and it would be the most efficient to use laboratory facilities that already have this approval [1]. Another benefit with this design is that there is absolutely <b>no risk for patients to inhale</b> the genetically modified yeast.
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The second step was to ensure that the yeast used as a biosensor is in <b>no way dangerous to the environment</b> or to </b>the people working with it in the laboratory facilities</b>. Risk assessment of the procedures connected to the biosensor show the normal risk associated with working in a laboratory environment. With the </b>right knowledge, correct safety clothing</b> and <b>precautions</b>, the laboratory personnel should <b>not be exposed to any harm</b>.  For more information regarding the safety, see <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Chalmers-Gothenburg/Safety">Notebook, safety</a>.
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When working with genetically modified organisms it is important to consider the ethical aspects and acknowledge possible hazards for the environment. In this case, <b>the yeast should be limited to the laboratory environment and not be spread or get in contact with nature. </b>
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                 <li>[1]&#160;&#160; Fuchs P, Loeseken C, Schubert J and Miekisch W. (2009). Breath gas aldehydes as biomarkers of lung cancer. International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer, 126. 2663-70. 10.1002/ijc.24970. </li>
+
                 <li>[1]&#160;&#160; Innesluten användning av genetiskt modifierade mikroorganismer (AFS 2011:2) [Internet]. Stockholm: Anna Middelman [cited 170920]. Available from: https://www.av.se/globalassets/filer/publikationer/foreskrifter/innesluten-anvandning-av-genetiskt-modifierade-mikroorganismer-afs2011-2.pdf.
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                <li>[2]&#160;&#160; Fu X-A, Li M, Knipp R J, Nantz M H and Bousamra M. Noninvasive detection of lung cancer using exhaled breath. Cancer Medicine 2014; 3(1): 174–181 </li>
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                <li>[3]&#160;&#160;  Minic J, Persuy M-A, Godel E, Aioun J, Connerton I, Salesse R, and Pajot-Augy E. Functional expression of olfactory receptors in yeast and development of a bioassay for odorant screening. FEBS Journal, 272(2):524-537, 2005 </li>
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                <li>[4]&#160;&#160; Suzuki Y and Shimono K. Deciphering the receptor repertoire encoding specific odorants by time-lapse single-cell array cytometry. Scientific Reports, 6(19934):1-9, 2015 </li>
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Latest revision as of 16:30, 30 October 2017

Chalmers Gothenburg iGEM 2017

Introduction

The iGEM competition is a lot more than just wet lab and modelling. With the rapid development in synthetic biology, the need for creating awareness on how it could potentially affect the society and environment is great. Human practices entails considering all the different aspects that is influenced by the new technology. These can include ethical, social, legal, and economical issues as well as concerns regarding biosafety.

In our project, we aimed to spread information about the applications of synthetic biology and its potential in helping solve some of the problems in the world. We did this by having lectures both at our own university for students and at Lund’s University for the public. We wanted to reach out and get people interested in the field and inspire to think outside the box by solving problems using applications no one thought imaginable, for example using baker's yeast for detection of lung cancer.

To further reach out and integrate human practices in the project, we developed a screening program for lung cancer, which involved working with the different criterias for screening programs, including biosafety, carry out discussions with scientists and physicians within the field, designing and producing a prototype and creating and spreading a survey concerning the public’s view on a potential screening program for lung cancer.

Outreach

An important part of every iGEM project is to spread information about synthetic biology and its applications to the public. It is also important to reach out to the public and tell them about your own project and answer the questions that they might have and establish a dialogue. To do this we did some outreach to the university and the public through different channels and in different ways.

University outreach

We wanted to make our whole university aware of the cool project that we were working on and therefore decided to spread information about iGEM and our BREATHtaking biosensor. We did this in two ways; by having a lunch lecture and and also making a mini series about the project in cooperation with Chalmers University of Technology.

The lunch lecture was about iGEM and our project and was conducted for Chalmers students, primarily biotechnology students. We answered questions and encouraged the students to get interested in synthetic biology, to support us and join the team next year.

Chalmers presentation

Even though the lunch lecture was great, the team was not content with only reaching out to biotechnology students. Therefore we reached out to Chalmers Public Relations section and they made a mini series in three parts which they distributed on their Facebook page. This way, we reached a broader crowd, both within and outside the university. In the two first episodes we explain our project, our achievements and plan for the Jamboree in Boston. The last episode will be released after Boston, where the viewers will see how great the Jamboree in Boston was.

Public outreach

Lecture about synthetic biology with team iGEM Lund

We collaborated with team iGEM Lund and held a lecture about synthetic biology in Lund at Lunds University’s 350 year anniversary. The lecture was open for the public and the information was kept at a popular scientific level. The lecture started with the history of traditional genetic engineering and continued with the description of synthetic biology. When the audience understood the concept of synthetic biology, each iGEM team presented their own project and how they used synthetic biology.

Lund presentation

The lecture continued with future applications of synthetic biology and the ethical aspects were discussed. Research and responsibility goes hand in hand and the main message of this part was that it is important to think and discuss ethical dilemmas and questions before conducting any experiment. Different views on different subjects were presented in a natural way to let the audience create their own opinion. The lecture ended with a talk about scientific communication; how the communication work between researchers and the public today and why it is important to establish such a conversation.

After the lecture, the audience had the possibility to talk with the speakers and either ask questions or discuss specific subjects. There were questions about the project and some discussion about ethics, showing that the audience got interested and started to form their own opinions.

Lung cancer survey

To further reach out to the public and to get their help when designing a screening program, we created a survey about lung cancer screening program. We wanted to see what the public thought about having regular examinations for lung cancer, similar to how we screen for breast cancer in Sweden. We also investigated if the public thought that the tax money should finance or subsidized these screenings. This survey was open for everyone to answer and spread via different communication channels. A few more results from the survey is presented in Integrated human practices, screening program.

We collaborated with iGEM Bilkent-UNAMBG and let them distribute the survey in their country to see if the results would differ between countries. The participation was good, with 605 and 268 participants in Sweden and Turkey respectively.

When asking the question: “If you would have been called for a free regular medical checkup (screening) for lung cancer every year, would you go?” both countries showed identical results, see Figure 1. The majority of the participants (89 %) in the survey would go to the medical check-up, showing a positive attitude for the screening program.

Survey answers
Figure 1. Results for the question: “If you would have been called for a free regular medical checkup (screening) for lung cancer every year, would you go?”

When asked the following question: “Do you think such a screening program should be totally financed or subsidized by the government?” the result showed that most of the participants think a lung cancer screening program should be either funded or subsidized by the government, seeFigure 2. The large difference between the countries is that most participants for Sweden think a subsidization would be the best while the majority from Turkey believe that the whole screening program should be financed by the government. Overall, there seems to be a positive attitude about setting up a lung screening program in both countries.

Survey answers
Figure 2. Results for the question: “Do you think such a screening program should be totally financed or subsidized by the government?”

Safety

A vital part of working with the project and creating a screening program was to take the safety into consideration. It is important to ensure that neither patients, hospital nor lab workers would be exposed to any risks.

The first step was to make sure that neither patients or physicians would be in contact with the genetically modified yeast created in this project. If the risk of exposure is removed, it will also simplify the regulation issues. The exposure will be reduced using a prototype with a specific filter that will bind the VOCs when breathed on by the patient. This design allows the patient to breath into the prototype several times to increase the amount of VOCs trapped in the filter. The filter can then be sent to laboratory facilities where the VOCs are dissolved and exposed to the yeast to enable detection. See a more detailed description of the method in Integrated human practices, the prototype. With this design, the need to bring genetically modified yeast into a hospital environment is made redundant. In Sweden a specific approval is needed to be able to work with genetically modified organisms and it would be the most efficient to use laboratory facilities that already have this approval [1]. Another benefit with this design is that there is absolutely no risk for patients to inhale the genetically modified yeast.

The second step was to ensure that the yeast used as a biosensor is in no way dangerous to the environment or to the people working with it in the laboratory facilities. Risk assessment of the procedures connected to the biosensor show the normal risk associated with working in a laboratory environment. With the right knowledge, correct safety clothing and precautions, the laboratory personnel should not be exposed to any harm. For more information regarding the safety, see Notebook, safety.

When working with genetically modified organisms it is important to consider the ethical aspects and acknowledge possible hazards for the environment. In this case, the yeast should be limited to the laboratory environment and not be spread or get in contact with nature.

References

  • [1]   Innesluten användning av genetiskt modifierade mikroorganismer (AFS 2011:2) [Internet]. Stockholm: Anna Middelman [cited 170920]. Available from: https://www.av.se/globalassets/filer/publikationer/foreskrifter/innesluten-anvandning-av-genetiskt-modifierade-mikroorganismer-afs2011-2.pdf.