Difference between revisions of "Team:IONIS-PARIS/applied-design/foliar-application"

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    <title>Overview</title>
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      <img class="logo-vigne" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fb/Ionis-paris-hp-team.jpg"></img>
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        Overview
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      <img class="logo-vigne" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fb/Ionis-paris-hp-team.jpg"></img>
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    <div class="parallax-bandeau marged" style="background-position: 70% 0; background-image: url('https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/0/03/Ionisparis2017-tilt-team-applied-zoo-macaque.png')"></div>
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        <img class="centered marged" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/7/7a/Ionisparis-applieddesign-protectivecompoundchoice-6.png" width="100%" height="auto" title="Cartoon Applied design"/>
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</br>
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   <p>From its conception to its application, the Softer Shock final product required us to explore as many aspects as possible. What was interesting is how the product evolved in complexity with time and how enriching it was to explore many subjects that were unfamiliar to us at the beginning.</p>
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   <p>The product itself is of course very theoretical but we took the opportunity given by the iGEM context to explore as many tracks as possible and use recent technologies. With this product development and our market study, we hope to show you that creating a synthetic biology product for crop protection is possible and very interesting.</p>
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  <p>Here is how we designed our product and what we plan to do to protect grapevines :</p>
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<img class="logo-vigne" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fb/Ionis-paris-hp-team.jpg"></img>
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Foliar Application: Nourishing and protecting from the leaves<img class="logo-vigne" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fb/Ionis-paris-hp-team.jpg"></img>
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</h1>
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         <img class="centered marged no-shadow" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/0/01/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Overview-_1.png" width="100%" height="auto" title="The Softer Shock organism preparation"/>
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         <figcaption class="centered">Figure 1 : The Softer Shock organism preparation</figcaption>
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          <p><b>Overview</b></p>
 +
          <p>
 +
            Softer Shock is all about the spray, whether of microorganisms or of compounds
 +
            like we mentioned in our entrepreneuriat part.<br>Understanding the anatomy of
 +
            our principal target, the leaf, is hence primordial.
 +
          </p>
 +
        </div>
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        <p>Sprays are all subjected to many parameters, from temperature to humidity and pH, and acknowledging them is very important to maximise the efficiency of our product. Furthermore, if we wish to spray microorganisms, it is crucial to know how they are usually applied on crops as biopesticides and biostimulants to engineer our product the best way.
 +
        </p>
 +
        <p>Leaves have complex anatomy with many organs and points of entry (cuticle, lenticels, trichomes, stomata, hydathodes). These points of entry morphologies and repartition vary highly according to species so it is important to know well the plant species we are working with<sup>1</sup>.
 +
        </p>
 +
        <p>Spraying compounds on these organs imply to take into account numerous parameters, whether from the spray itself (concentration of the active ingredient, solubility, molecular weight, pH of the spray, adjuvants) or the surrounding environment (cuticle composition, number of points of entry, leaf topography, leaf age, canopy, light intensity, temperature and humidity). All these points show how difficult but no less interesting it is to design an efficient spray<sup>1</sup>.
 +
        </p>
 +
         <figure class=centered>
 +
          <img class="no-shadow marged" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/86/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Foliar_application-1.png" width="100%"/>
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          <figcaption class="marged">Figure 1: Parameters influencing the efficiency of the Softer Shock spray</figcaption>
 +
        </figure>
 +
        <br>
 +
        <hr>
 +
        <br>
 +
        <p>We also studied the different benefits of using microorganisms as stimulants and pesticides (less environmental impact, targeted activity, quick decomposition as compared to chemical compounds and regulation by plant and its microbiota)<sup>2,3</sup>.
 +
        </p>
 +
        <p>Such benefits are highly important because they show the value of using microorganisms directly for Softer Shock as compared with what we show in the entreprenariat part. In the end, both possibilities have their advantages and problematics to solve.
 +
        </p>
 +
        <p>To understand how vineyards were usually treated with microorganisms and to help us compare Softer Shock with real products, we contacted Mr. Nicolas Aveline, a biocontrol expert that answered a lot of our questions (you can find his interview <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/8f/Ionisparis2017-Applieddesign-foliar-interviewNA.pdf">here</a>).
 +
        </p>
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        <figure class="centered">
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          <img class="marged" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/8d/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Foliar_application-_2.png" title="Figure 2" width="80%"/>
 +
          <figcaption>Figure 2: Aureobasidium Pullulans, a biocontrol organism that inspired Softer Shock, living on leaves and other environments</figcaption>
 +
        </figure>
 +
        <br>
 +
        <hr>
 +
        <p>We also investigated the different formulations for microorganisms spray, from wettable powders to encapsulation, the method we will choose for Softer Shock. Encapsulation will provide greater safety for our organism once on the target plant during the time it develops using the synthetic amino acid (see our Biosafety part) we provided it<sup>4</sup>. Note that the organism will be in dormant state for better conservation and application, and that it will be activated once on the target.
 +
         </p>
 +
        <figure class="centered">
 +
          <img class="marged no-shadow" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fd/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Foliar_application-3.png" title="Figure 3" width="100%"/>
 +
          <figcaption>Figure 3 : Our dormant organism will be sprayed in its capsule containing synthetic amino acids</figcaption>
 +
        </figure>
 +
        <br>
 +
        <hr>
 +
        <br>
 +
        <p>
 +
          We will also add adjuvants to our spray, as they are interesting compounds that enhance spray activity and limit the process of drifting. Drifting is the derivation of the spray from its initial target because of the effect of external factors such as wind.</br>
 +
          This phenomenon is important to master because it induces loss of product and of course contamination of the surrounding environment due to our microorganism. Adjuvants must however not interact with the organism and the target itself so they must be chosen carefully<sup>1</sup>.
 +
        </p>
 +
        <p>We tried to give a formulation for the Softer Shock spray, by taking in account most of the parameters :</p>
 +
        <figure class="centered">
 +
          <img class="marged" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/6/61/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Foliar_application-4.png" title="Figure 4" width="50%"/>
 +
          <figcaption>Figure 4 : Formulation of the Softer Shock spray</figcaption>
 +
        </figure>
 +
        <br>
 +
        <hr>
 +
        <p>The goal is to obtain a spray that is easy to apply, provides a great environment for the organism during and after the application, and the most realistic possible. The product will be applied with devices known as tunnel sprayers. More details are given about these machines in the biosafety part of our project, as we thought it was coherent to include it in the physical containment strategies for our organism.
 +
        </p>
 +
        <center>
 +
          <br>
 +
          <p>You can find our report by clicking on the following image for more details :</p>
 +
        </p>
 +
        <a href= "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/a/a1/Ionisparis2017-Applieddesign-foliar-report.pdf">
 +
          <img class="no-shadow bordered marged" "bordered" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/c/c9/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Foliar_application-5.png" title="Foliar Application report" width="100%"/>
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        </a>
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      </center>
 
       <hr>
 
       <hr>
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    </br>
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      <h2><u>References</u></h2>
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      <ol>
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    <figure>
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        <li>V. Fernández, T. Sotiropoulos and P. Brown, “Foliar Fertilization: Scientific Principles and
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        <img class="centered marged no-shadow" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/56/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Overview-_2.png" width="100%" height="auto" title="Figure2application"/>
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        Field Practices”, First edition, IFA, 2013</li>
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        <figcaption class="centered">Figure 2 : The Softer Shock organism application</figcaption>
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         <li>Dr. Teruo Higa, “Application of Effective Microorganism for Sustainable Crop Production”,
−
    </figure>  <hr>
+
         HWRI Organic Solutions, 1999</li>
−
    </br>
+
         <li>Berg, “Plant–microbe interactions promoting plant growth and health: perspectives for controlled use of microorganisms in agriculture”, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2009) 84:11–18</li>
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+
         <li>Vemmer, M., Patel, A.V., Review of encapsulation methods suitable for microbial biological control agents, Biological Control (2013)</li>
−
    <p>
+
       </ol>
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    Each step is very complex and needs us to take many parameters into account. For example, the spray, when applied, can drift away from its initial target and spread in the surrounding environment.
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    </p>
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+
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    <p>
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    The most important point for us was to make a realistic product and to compare it to already existing ones. To this end we contacted many experts, some of which gave us a lot of their time in various interviews. These experts showed a lot of enthusiasm for Softer Shock and it was really instructive to talk to them.
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    <p>
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    We want to express and communicate the knowledge we accumulated. Each tab is associated with a report and its summary, with all the important points mentioned. We explored several aspects :
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         <a href=""><img class = "no-shadow"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/c/c4/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Overview-_3.png" width="100%" height="auto"></a>
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         <a href=""><img  class = "no-shadow"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/11/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Overview-_4.png" width="80%" height="auto"></a>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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         <a href=""><img  class = "no-shadow" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/e6/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Overview-_5.png" width="120%" height="auto"></a>
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      </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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         <a href=""><img  class = "no-shadow" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/51/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Overview-_6.png" width="100%" height="auto"></a>
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       </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <a href=""><img  class = "no-shadow" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/a/a6/Ionisparis-Applied_design_-_Overview-_7.png" width="100%" height="auto"></a>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <a href= "">
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          <p class="pouet">FOLIAR APPLICATION</p>
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        </a>
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      </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <a href= "">
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          <p class="pouet">CHASSIS SELECTION AND MICROBIOTA ANALYSIS</p>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <a href= "">
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          <p class="pouet">BIOSAFETY</p>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <a href= "">
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          <p class="pouet">PROTECTIVE COMPOUND CHOICE</p>
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        </a>
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      </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <a href= "">
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          <p class="pouet">ECOTOXICOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY STUDY</p>
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        </a>
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      </div>
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    <hr>
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    <div class= "row">
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <p class="machin">How to apply our product and what difficulties to consider?</p>
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      </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <p class="machin">What host will we choose and how will it develop on the leaves and fruits</p>
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      </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <p class="machin">Maximizing the biosafety of our project by creating a four wall fortress!</p>
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      </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <p class="machin">Our brainstorming and strategies to protect from frost and heat</p>
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      </div>
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      <div class="col-md-2 centered">
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        <p class="machin">What would be the impact of our product on human health and the environment</p>
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      </div>
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    </div>
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    <center>
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      <p>You can access to each part by clicking on the corresponding image !<p>
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    </center>
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    <hr>
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    <p>
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    You will also find a case study on Frostban, a GMO product designed to prevent frost damage that failed to be commercialised. We judged interesting to study such product to try to learn from it and see how it was developed and evolved in the 80’s.
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    </p>
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    <p>
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    We sincerely hope you will enjoy the Applied Design of Softer Shock as much as we did !
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Revision as of 19:51, 31 October 2017

Back to top

Foliar Application: Nourishing and protecting from the leaves

Overview

Softer Shock is all about the spray, whether of microorganisms or of compounds like we mentioned in our entrepreneuriat part.
Understanding the anatomy of our principal target, the leaf, is hence primordial.

Sprays are all subjected to many parameters, from temperature to humidity and pH, and acknowledging them is very important to maximise the efficiency of our product. Furthermore, if we wish to spray microorganisms, it is crucial to know how they are usually applied on crops as biopesticides and biostimulants to engineer our product the best way.

Leaves have complex anatomy with many organs and points of entry (cuticle, lenticels, trichomes, stomata, hydathodes). These points of entry morphologies and repartition vary highly according to species so it is important to know well the plant species we are working with1.

Spraying compounds on these organs imply to take into account numerous parameters, whether from the spray itself (concentration of the active ingredient, solubility, molecular weight, pH of the spray, adjuvants) or the surrounding environment (cuticle composition, number of points of entry, leaf topography, leaf age, canopy, light intensity, temperature and humidity). All these points show how difficult but no less interesting it is to design an efficient spray1.

Figure 1: Parameters influencing the efficiency of the Softer Shock spray


We also studied the different benefits of using microorganisms as stimulants and pesticides (less environmental impact, targeted activity, quick decomposition as compared to chemical compounds and regulation by plant and its microbiota)2,3.

Such benefits are highly important because they show the value of using microorganisms directly for Softer Shock as compared with what we show in the entreprenariat part. In the end, both possibilities have their advantages and problematics to solve.

To understand how vineyards were usually treated with microorganisms and to help us compare Softer Shock with real products, we contacted Mr. Nicolas Aveline, a biocontrol expert that answered a lot of our questions (you can find his interview here).

Figure 2: Aureobasidium Pullulans, a biocontrol organism that inspired Softer Shock, living on leaves and other environments

We also investigated the different formulations for microorganisms spray, from wettable powders to encapsulation, the method we will choose for Softer Shock. Encapsulation will provide greater safety for our organism once on the target plant during the time it develops using the synthetic amino acid (see our Biosafety part) we provided it4. Note that the organism will be in dormant state for better conservation and application, and that it will be activated once on the target.

Figure 3 : Our dormant organism will be sprayed in its capsule containing synthetic amino acids


We will also add adjuvants to our spray, as they are interesting compounds that enhance spray activity and limit the process of drifting. Drifting is the derivation of the spray from its initial target because of the effect of external factors such as wind.
This phenomenon is important to master because it induces loss of product and of course contamination of the surrounding environment due to our microorganism. Adjuvants must however not interact with the organism and the target itself so they must be chosen carefully1.

We tried to give a formulation for the Softer Shock spray, by taking in account most of the parameters :

Figure 4 : Formulation of the Softer Shock spray

The goal is to obtain a spray that is easy to apply, provides a great environment for the organism during and after the application, and the most realistic possible. The product will be applied with devices known as tunnel sprayers. More details are given about these machines in the biosafety part of our project, as we thought it was coherent to include it in the physical containment strategies for our organism.


You can find our report by clicking on the following image for more details :

References

  1. V. Fernández, T. Sotiropoulos and P. Brown, “Foliar Fertilization: Scientific Principles and Field Practices”, First edition, IFA, 2013
  2. Dr. Teruo Higa, “Application of Effective Microorganism for Sustainable Crop Production”, HWRI Organic Solutions, 1999
  3. Berg, “Plant–microbe interactions promoting plant growth and health: perspectives for controlled use of microorganisms in agriculture”, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2009) 84:11–18
  4. Vemmer, M., Patel, A.V., Review of encapsulation methods suitable for microbial biological control agents, Biological Control (2013)