Difference between revisions of "Team:Exeter/Hydrocyclone"

 
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           <a class="nav-link" href="#Lab Protocol">Lab Protocol</a>
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           <a class="nav-link" href="#Final Results">Final Results </a>
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           <a class="nav-link" href="#FinalResults">Final Results </a>
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     <div class="col-10" id="pageContent">
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       <div>
 
       <div>
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    <img class="w-25 d-block mx-auto" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/6/64/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone.png">
 
     <h1 id="pageHeader">Hydrocyclone </h1>
 
     <h1 id="pageHeader">Hydrocyclone </h1>
 
<p>In this section, we aim to introduce the idea of a hydrocyclone, outline its uses and advantages, and take you  
 
<p>In this section, we aim to introduce the idea of a hydrocyclone, outline its uses and advantages, and take you  
         through the design process. </p>
+
         through our <b> iterative design process </b>. </p>
  
 
<img class="rounded mx-auto d-block w-50" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/e6/T--Exeter--cafe_hydrocyclone.png">
 
<img class="rounded mx-auto d-block w-50" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/e6/T--Exeter--cafe_hydrocyclone.png">
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       particulates). The advantage of a hydrocyclone, and the reason that it is already widely used in industry, lies  
 
       particulates). The advantage of a hydrocyclone, and the reason that it is already widely used in industry, lies  
 
       with its relatively simple design structure, and its lack of moving parts. With no moving parts, a hydrocyclone  
 
       with its relatively simple design structure, and its lack of moving parts. With no moving parts, a hydrocyclone  
       requires little maintenance and is seen as a cost effective, long term solution. </p>
+
       requires little maintenance and is seen as a cost effective, long term solution. For example, hydrocyclones are used in
 +
      the oil industry to separate oil from water and vice versa. They are also used in the drilling industry to separate sand
 +
      from the expensive clay that is used for lubrication during the drilling.</p>  
  
 
     <p>A hydrocyclone works by pumping contaminated water through an <b>inlet feed</b>, which is tangential to a  
 
     <p>A hydrocyclone works by pumping contaminated water through an <b>inlet feed</b>, which is tangential to a  
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     the second stage of filtration. </p>
 
     the second stage of filtration. </p>
  
     <p> Hydrocyclones are essential to our project because we cannot afford to have our fluidised media reactor blocked by
+
     <p> Hydrocyclones are essential to our project because we cannot afford to have our metal binding reactor blocked by
 
     unwanted debris in the contaminated waste that is being filtered. We have used an iterative design process to maximise  
 
     unwanted debris in the contaminated waste that is being filtered. We have used an iterative design process to maximise  
 
     the separation efficiency (percentage of heavy sediment removed) of each hydrocyclone. Our final design boasts a  
 
     the separation efficiency (percentage of heavy sediment removed) of each hydrocyclone. Our final design boasts a  
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<h2 id="Design 1">Design 1</h2>
+
<h2 id="Design1">Design 1</h2>
 
            
 
            
<div style="float: right; clear: left;">
+
<figure>        
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/2/24/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone1.png" alt="Hydrocyclone.png" style="width:450px">
+
        <img class="d-block mx-auto w-25 border border-dark rounded" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/2/24/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone1.png" alt="Hydrocyclone.png">
</div>
+
<figcaption style="text-align:center"><b>Figure 1:</b> Hydrocyclone 1</figcaption>
 
+
</figure>
<p><b><i>LOUIS THERE SHOULD BE A PICTURE HERE (SEE HTML ABOVE) WHERE IS IT?! :'(</i></b></p>
+
 
 
 
 
  
 
<p>For the 3D design of the hydrocyclones, we used the software package Autodesk Fusion 360.  
 
<p>For the 3D design of the hydrocyclones, we used the software package Autodesk Fusion 360.  
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pump we have in the labs. Our initial idea was to source a pond pump from an aquatics supplier,  
 
pump we have in the labs. Our initial idea was to source a pond pump from an aquatics supplier,  
 
however to achieve the desired 800ml/s (approximately), we would need a pump that would cost  
 
however to achieve the desired 800ml/s (approximately), we would need a pump that would cost  
somewhere in the region of £120. Unfortunately this meant that the hydrocyclone was pretty much  
+
somewhere in the region of £120. Unfortunately, this meant that the hydrocyclone was pretty much  
 
useless. The only testing we were feasibly able to accomplish was running a tap through the cyclone  
 
useless. The only testing we were feasibly able to accomplish was running a tap through the cyclone  
 
to explore whether the volume of underflow still vastly exceeded the volume of overflow.  
 
to explore whether the volume of underflow still vastly exceeded the volume of overflow.  
Literature suggests that the ratio of overflow to underflow should be approximately 80:20.  
+
Literature suggests that the ratio of overflow to underflow should be approximately 80:20 (Arterburn, R.A., 1982).  
 
However, the overflow:underflow ratio was closer to 20:80 with this cyclone. Because of this  
 
However, the overflow:underflow ratio was closer to 20:80 with this cyclone. Because of this  
 
minor set back, we went back to the drawing board to work on Hydrocyclone 2.  
 
minor set back, we went back to the drawing board to work on Hydrocyclone 2.  
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<h2 id="Design 2">Design 2</h2>
+
<h2 id="Design2">Design 2</h2>
  
<div style="float: right; clear: left;">
+
<figure>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/12/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone2.png"
+
<img class="d-block mx-auto w-25 border border-dark rounded" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/12/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone2.png">
 +
<figcaption style="text-align:center"><b>Figure 2:</b> Hydrocyclone 2</figcaption>
 +
</figure>
  
</div>
 
<p><b><i>NEED TO MAKE PICTURE SMALLER</i></b></p>
 
  
<h4> Design Adaptions </h4>
+
<h4 id="DesignAdaptations">Design Adaptions</h4>
<p> A paper titled The Sizing and Selection of Hydrocyclones by Richard A. Arterburn,  
+
<p> A paper titled The Sizing and Selection of Hydrocyclones (Arterburn, R.A., 1982),  
 
enabled us to design the hydrocyclone with much clearer direction. For example, we shortened  
 
enabled us to design the hydrocyclone with much clearer direction. For example, we shortened  
 
the cyclindrical feed chamber to promote the development of the inner cyclone. To futher promote  
 
the cyclindrical feed chamber to promote the development of the inner cyclone. To futher promote  
 
this development, we also extended the length of the vortex finder. In order to solve the flow  
 
this development, we also extended the length of the vortex finder. In order to solve the flow  
rate problem, we designed hydrocyclone #2 to be much smaller; the total volume is now 20cm<sup>3</sup>
+
rate problem, we designed hydrocyclone 2 to be much smaller; the total volume is now 20cm<sup>3</sup>
as opposed to the volume of hydrocyclone #1, which had a total volume of 100cm<sup>3</sup>.
+
as opposed to the volume of hydrocyclone 1, which had a total volume of 100cm<sup>3</sup>.
 
         However, we still wanted this design to be able to separate slightly larger particulate contaminants  
 
         However, we still wanted this design to be able to separate slightly larger particulate contaminants  
 
from water, such as sand, so we had to ensure that the inlet and outlets were large enough to prevent  
 
from water, such as sand, so we had to ensure that the inlet and outlets were large enough to prevent  
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</p>
 
</p>
  
     <h2 id="Design 3">Design 3</h2>
+
     <h2 id="Design3">Design 3</h2>
<div style="float: right; clear: left;">
+
 
<img class="rounded mx-auto d-block w-50" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/50/T--Exeter--
+
<figure>
    Hydrocyclone_3.png" alt="Hydrocyclone 3">
+
      <img class="d-block mx-auto w-25 border border-dark rounded" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/50/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone_3.png" alt="Hydrocyclone 3">
</div>
+
<figcaption style="text-align:center"><b>Figure 3:</b> Hydrocyclone 3</figcaption>
<p><b><i>LOUIS THERE SHOULD BE A PICTURE HERE (SEE HTML ABOVE) WHERE IS IT?! :'(</i></b></p>
+
</figure>
 +
 
 
    <p>To increase overflow output, the paper titled: Hydrocyclones for Particle
+
      <p>To increase overflow output, the paper titled: Hydrocyclones for Particle
Size Separation (J. J. Cilliers, 2000) recommended increasing the angle of the conical chamber from the  
+
Size Separation (Cilliers, J.J., 2000) recommended increasing the angle of the conical chamber from the  
 
cylindrical feed chamber from 20&#176; to 30&#176;. It also suggested that we change the diameter  
 
cylindrical feed chamber from 20&#176; to 30&#176;. It also suggested that we change the diameter  
 
of the vortex finder, as the diameter of the vortex finder should not equal the diameter of the spigot  
 
of the vortex finder, as the diameter of the vortex finder should not equal the diameter of the spigot  
(underflow outlet). It is suggested that the size of the spigot should be within the range 0.1-0.2 * Dc
+
(underflow outlet). It is suggested that the size of the spigot should be within the range 0.1D<sub>c</sub> - 0.2D<sub>c</sub>,
         while the size of the vortex finder should be within the range 0.13-0.43 * Dc. We also adapted the inlet
+
        where D<sub>c</sub> is the diameter of the cylindrical feed chamber,
 +
         while the size of the vortex finder should be within the range 0.13D<sub>c</sub> - 0.43D<sub>c</sub>. We also adapted the inlet
 
feed so that it was rectangular as opposed to circular. In the image it looks square, however that opening
 
feed so that it was rectangular as opposed to circular. In the image it looks square, however that opening
tapers down to a rectangle with a height to width ratio of 2:1 (still tangential to the cyclindrical feed  
+
tapers down to a rectangle with a height to width ratio of 2:1 (still tangential to the cylindrical feed  
 
chamber).
 
chamber).
 
</p>
 
</p>
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the cyclone to a pump (a simple DC pump from an aquatics store, capable of 1200L/h), and run the experiment until the  
 
the cyclone to a pump (a simple DC pump from an aquatics store, capable of 1200L/h), and run the experiment until the  
 
         overflow outlet had been filled to 1L. Our results then
 
         overflow outlet had been filled to 1L. Our results then
showed that at 143ml/s, for every litre of overflow, we had 250ml (+/- 5ml) of underflow. The experiment
+
showed that at 143ml/s, for every litre of overflow, we had 250ml (&#177;5ml) of underflow. The experiment
was conducted three times and an average was taken. The next round of experimentation will follow the protocol  
+
was conducted three times and an average was taken. The next round of experimentation followed the protocol  
as detailed below. We will be testing the hydrocyclone's ability to actually filter larger particulates from the  
+
as detailed below. We tested the hydrocyclone's ability to actually filter larger particulates from the  
 
water.  
 
water.  
 
</p>
 
</p>
 
 
 
 
<h2 id="Lab Protocol">Protocol</h2>
+
<h2 id="LabProtocol">Protocol</h2>
  
<div style="float: right; clear: left;">
+
<figure>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/c/ca/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone_set_up2.jpeg" alt="Hydrocyclone set up"
+
  <img class="d-block mx-auto w-50 border border-dark rounded" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/6/69/T--Exeter--Experiment_set_up.png" alt="Hydrocyclone set-up">
style="width:450px">
+
<figcaption style="text-align:center"><b>Figure 4:</b> Hydrocyclone experiment set-up</figcaption>
</div>
+
</figure>
  
<p>Below is the lab protocol I have written for the next round of experimentation:</p>
+
<p>Below is the lab protocol for the next round of experimentation:</p>
 +
<p>A downloadable copy of this protocol can be found <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/4/48/T--Exeter--Separation.pdf">here</a>.</p>
 
 
 
<h3><b>You will need:</b></h3>
 
<h3><b>You will need:</b></h3>
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</ol>
 
</ol>
 
 
<h2><b>Protocol:</b></h2>
+
<h2 ><b>Protocol:</b></h2>
  
 
<ol>
 
<ol>
 
<li>Instantaneously turn on the DC pump and initialise the stopwatch.</li>
 
<li>Instantaneously turn on the DC pump and initialise the stopwatch.</li>
<li>(BEFORE THE WATER LEVEL FALLS BELOW THE PUMP INLET) Turn off the pump and stop the stopwatch. Record  
+
<li><b>(Before the water level falls below the pump inlet)</b> Turn off the pump and stop the stopwatch. Record  
 
the time.</li>
 
the time.</li>
 
                 <li> Leave the underflow and overflow solutions to settle overnight. </li>
 
                 <li> Leave the underflow and overflow solutions to settle overnight. </li>
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</ol>
 
</ol>
  
<p><b><i>BOTH VIDEO FILES, SIDE BY SIDE HERE PLEASE</i></b></p>
+
<figure class="d-block mx-auto w-50">
 +
<video class="d-block mx-auto w-100 border border-dark rounded" controls>
 +
  <source src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fc/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone_video_1.mp4" type="video/mp4">
 +
  Your browser unfortunately doesn't support videos.
 +
</video>
 +
<figcaption style="text-align:left">Video 1: Running the experiment</figcaption>
 +
</figure>
 +
 
 +
<figure class="d-block mx-auto w-50">
 +
<video class="d-block mx-auto w-100 border border-dark rounded" controls>
 +
  <source src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/5a/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone_video_2.mp4" type="video/mp4">
 +
  Your browser unfortunately doesn't support videos.
 +
</video>
 +
<figcaption style="text-align:left">Video 2: Notice the sediment in the underflow (left)</figcaption>
 +
</figure>
 +
 
 +
 
 
 
  <h2 id="Final Results">Final Results</h2>
+
  <h2 id="FinalResults">Final Results</h2>
 +
 
 +
<figure>
 +
  <img class="d-block mx-auto w-75 border border-dark rounded" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/38/T--Exeter--Hydrocyclone_results_table_2.png" alt="results table">
 +
<figcaption style="text-align:center"><b>Table 1:</b> Our final results. The average separation efficiency over the 3 experiments was 97.4%. </figcaption>
 +
</figure>
 +
 
 +
<p>Following the protocol above, we conducted three experiments on the third hydrocyclone. <b>We found that our hydrocyclone separated aragonite sand from contaminated water with 97.4% efficiency</b>, leaving only 2.6% of sediment still in solution. Our design also met the industry standard of an underflow:overflow ratio of 20:80.</p>
  
<p>Following the protocol above, we conducted three experiments on the third hydrocyclone. We found that our hydrocyclone separated aragonite sand from contaminated water with 97.4% efficiency, leaving only 2.6% of sediment still in solution. Our design also met the industry standard of an underflow:overflow ratio of 20:80.</p>
+
<p>To calculate the separation efficiency, we simply divided the underflow sediment weight by the total sediment weight. It is very important that the sand is completely dry before measurements are taken.</p>
  
<p><b><i>THE NICE GRAPH HERE PLEASE <3 XOXOXO</i></b></p>
+
<p>By following the <i>design, build, test and learn cycle</i> we were able to <b>successfully</b> produce a hydrocyclone that met our team's specific requirements. In doing so,  we have demonstrated that this form of early-stage filtration is a cheap, long lasting, and widely applicable solution to a number of filtration problems.</p>
  
<p>By 3D printing and testing hydrocyclones, we have demonstrated that this form of early-stage filtration is a cheap, long lasting, and widely applicable solution to a number of filtration problems.</p>
+
<h2>References</h2>
 +
<p id="referenceList">
 +
Arterburn, R.A., 1982. The sizing and selection of hydrocyclones. Design and Installation of Comminution Circuits, 1, pp.597-607.<br><br>
 +
Cilliers, J.J., 2000. Hydrocyclones for particle size separation. Particle Size Separation, pp.1819-1825.
 +
</p>
  
  

Latest revision as of 22:46, 1 November 2017

]

Hydrocyclone

In this section, we aim to introduce the idea of a hydrocyclone, outline its uses and advantages, and take you through our iterative design process .

A hydrocyclone is a filter designed to separate larger particulates from a contaminated solution. Depending on size and shape, a hydrocyclone can be used to filter anything from sand (large particulates) to microalgae (small particulates). The advantage of a hydrocyclone, and the reason that it is already widely used in industry, lies with its relatively simple design structure, and its lack of moving parts. With no moving parts, a hydrocyclone requires little maintenance and is seen as a cost effective, long term solution. For example, hydrocyclones are used in the oil industry to separate oil from water and vice versa. They are also used in the drilling industry to separate sand from the expensive clay that is used for lubrication during the drilling.

A hydrocyclone works by pumping contaminated water through an inlet feed, which is tangential to a cylindrical feed chamber. A large vortex is then created inside the filter, which forces larger particulates to be pushed out to the walls due to centrifugal forces. These larger particulates are then deposited through the spigot at the bottom, while being carried in some waste solution. Meanwhile, a smaller, inner vortex is generated through the centre of the hydrocyclone, which carries the lightest particles (the filtered water) up and out of the vortex finder at the top. The filtered water is now mostly free of sediment and will not block the second stage of filtration.

Hydrocyclones are essential to our project because we cannot afford to have our metal binding reactor blocked by unwanted debris in the contaminated waste that is being filtered. We have used an iterative design process to maximise the separation efficiency (percentage of heavy sediment removed) of each hydrocyclone. Our final design boasts a separation efficiency of 97.4%.

Design 1

Hydrocyclone.png
Figure 1: Hydrocyclone 1

For the 3D design of the hydrocyclones, we used the software package Autodesk Fusion 360. We decided to use Autodesk Fusion 360, as it is free for students and is extremely intuitive for beginners. The first design was influenced, quite simply, by the shapes of other hydrocyclones seen on the internet. Unfortunately, the 3D printer printed support structures on the interior of the first hydrocyclone, which were impossible to remove. From this model, we did learn that the inlet was marginally too small for the piping and we were afraid of leakages, so we went away and made the design slightly larger in order to ensure a tight fit. To prevent the support structures from affecting the interior of the cyclone, we split the design into four separate components which we glued together using Loctite Ultra Control Gel. We chose to use Loctite Ultra Control Gel following some brief research into the most effective adhesives for PLA plastic. Ideally, we would have used a 3D printer that can print dissolvable, PVA support structures so we could have printed the hydrocyclone as a single piece.

After gluing together the hydrocyclone, we realised that to achieve the desired vortex we needed a more powerful pump than the peristaltic pump we have in the labs. Our initial idea was to source a pond pump from an aquatics supplier, however to achieve the desired 800ml/s (approximately), we would need a pump that would cost somewhere in the region of £120. Unfortunately, this meant that the hydrocyclone was pretty much useless. The only testing we were feasibly able to accomplish was running a tap through the cyclone to explore whether the volume of underflow still vastly exceeded the volume of overflow. Literature suggests that the ratio of overflow to underflow should be approximately 80:20 (Arterburn, R.A., 1982). However, the overflow:underflow ratio was closer to 20:80 with this cyclone. Because of this minor set back, we went back to the drawing board to work on Hydrocyclone 2.

Design 2

Figure 2: Hydrocyclone 2

Design Adaptions

A paper titled The Sizing and Selection of Hydrocyclones (Arterburn, R.A., 1982), enabled us to design the hydrocyclone with much clearer direction. For example, we shortened the cyclindrical feed chamber to promote the development of the inner cyclone. To futher promote this development, we also extended the length of the vortex finder. In order to solve the flow rate problem, we designed hydrocyclone 2 to be much smaller; the total volume is now 20cm3 as opposed to the volume of hydrocyclone 1, which had a total volume of 100cm3. However, we still wanted this design to be able to separate slightly larger particulate contaminants from water, such as sand, so we had to ensure that the inlet and outlets were large enough to prevent clogging.

After the initial testing of Hydrocyclone 2 revealed an overflow:underflow volume ratio of 42:100 (an improvement on Hydrocyclone 1, but still not sufficient), we returned to the literature, seeking instruction on how to adapt the design to increase overflow output.

Design 3

Hydrocyclone 3
Figure 3: Hydrocyclone 3

To increase overflow output, the paper titled: Hydrocyclones for Particle Size Separation (Cilliers, J.J., 2000) recommended increasing the angle of the conical chamber from the cylindrical feed chamber from 20° to 30°. It also suggested that we change the diameter of the vortex finder, as the diameter of the vortex finder should not equal the diameter of the spigot (underflow outlet). It is suggested that the size of the spigot should be within the range 0.1Dc - 0.2Dc, where Dc is the diameter of the cylindrical feed chamber, while the size of the vortex finder should be within the range 0.13Dc - 0.43Dc. We also adapted the inlet feed so that it was rectangular as opposed to circular. In the image it looks square, however that opening tapers down to a rectangle with a height to width ratio of 2:1 (still tangential to the cylindrical feed chamber).

Initial testing of the Hydrocyclone was to discover whether the perfect overflow to underflow ratio of 80:20 could be achieved at a particular flow rate. After some initial optimisation of flow rates, we discovered that the perfect ratio could be achieved with a flow rate of 143ml/s. The experiment we conducted was to connect the cyclone to a pump (a simple DC pump from an aquatics store, capable of 1200L/h), and run the experiment until the overflow outlet had been filled to 1L. Our results then showed that at 143ml/s, for every litre of overflow, we had 250ml (±5ml) of underflow. The experiment was conducted three times and an average was taken. The next round of experimentation followed the protocol as detailed below. We tested the hydrocyclone's ability to actually filter larger particulates from the water.

Protocol

Hydrocyclone set-up
Figure 4: Hydrocyclone experiment set-up

Below is the lab protocol for the next round of experimentation:

A downloadable copy of this protocol can be found here.

You will need:

  • Hydrocyclone 3.
  • DC pump, capable of flow rates of up to 1200L/H.
  • Magnetic Stirrer
  • Necessary tubing.
  • Aragonite sand solution with a sand to water ratio of 10:90.
  • 1 x 5-litre beakers.
  • 2 x 2-litre beakers.
  • heavy duty scales + a set of more sensitive scales for measuring the volume of sand.
  • Stopwatch

Set up of the experiment:

  1. While turned off, and unplugged, stick the DC pump to the wall of the 5L beaker, with the inlet nozzle facing the base, 1 inch inch from the bottom.
  2. Weigh out 500g of aragonite sand and pour into the sample solution beaker. Then fill the beaker to the 5L marker with water.
  3. Set up a clamp stand over the 'Underflow beaker' and secure the hydrocyclone vertically.
  4. Connect the necessary tubing; pump to inlet feed, vortex finder to overflow beaker, spigot to underflow beaker. Use tie wraps to secure.
  5. Place the sample solution beaker (5L) onto a magnetic stirrer and initiate the stirrer to keep the sand in suspension.
  6. Before conducting the experiment, ensure that the stopwatch is to hand.

Protocol:

  1. Instantaneously turn on the DC pump and initialise the stopwatch.
  2. (Before the water level falls below the pump inlet) Turn off the pump and stop the stopwatch. Record the time.
  3. Leave the underflow and overflow solutions to settle overnight.
  4. Carefully pour the excess fluid from both beakers into a measuring cylinder, being careful not to disturb the settled sediment. Note the volume of water.
  5. Dry the remaining sediment in an oven.
  6. Using the scales, measure the weight of the underflow sediment. Note the ratio of underflow sand:water.
  7. Repeat this step for the overflow.
Video 1: Running the experiment
Video 2: Notice the sediment in the underflow (left)

Final Results

results table
Table 1: Our final results. The average separation efficiency over the 3 experiments was 97.4%.

Following the protocol above, we conducted three experiments on the third hydrocyclone. We found that our hydrocyclone separated aragonite sand from contaminated water with 97.4% efficiency, leaving only 2.6% of sediment still in solution. Our design also met the industry standard of an underflow:overflow ratio of 20:80.

To calculate the separation efficiency, we simply divided the underflow sediment weight by the total sediment weight. It is very important that the sand is completely dry before measurements are taken.

By following the design, build, test and learn cycle we were able to successfully produce a hydrocyclone that met our team's specific requirements. In doing so, we have demonstrated that this form of early-stage filtration is a cheap, long lasting, and widely applicable solution to a number of filtration problems.

References

Arterburn, R.A., 1982. The sizing and selection of hydrocyclones. Design and Installation of Comminution Circuits, 1, pp.597-607.

Cilliers, J.J., 2000. Hydrocyclones for particle size separation. Particle Size Separation, pp.1819-1825.