Line 45: | Line 45: | ||
<h1>Model</h1> | <h1>Model</h1> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
− | + | <p class="pcenter">Overview</p> | |
− | <img src=" | + | <small class="bigtitle">Achievements</small> |
− | <img src=" | + | <p>1. In our modeling work, we established the system dynamics equations according to reaction details. </p> |
− | <img src=" | + | <p>2. We found some model parameters in literature; for others we derived the optimization model for unknown parameters based on the quasi-steady-state-approximation (QSSA), which can be calculated by the MEIGO toolbox in MATLAB. </p> |
− | <img src=" | + | <p>3. In addition, we established the logistical regression equation for cytotoxicity of Ni. </p> |
− | <img src=" | + | <p>4. For the incomplete transcription repression, we have used the Hill equation to describe. </p> |
− | <img src=" | + | <p>5. Finally, we gave the experimentation group some advice about the design of their experiments and provided data analysis of the entire process.</p> |
− | <img src=" | + | <p class="pcenter">Modeling</p> |
− | <img src=" | + | <small class="bigtitle">ASSUMPTIONS</small> |
− | <img src=" | + | <p>We made four assumptions in order to simplify some aspects of the model. Many similar assumptions have been made in the literature. </p> |
+ | <p>1)The degradation of and other substances are linear.</p> | ||
+ | <p>2)Each cell has the same state.</p> | ||
+ | <p>3)The reaction in the process satisfies the first-order kinetic reaction.</p> | ||
+ | <small class="bigtitle">Chemical Species</small> | ||
+ | <table class="MsoTable15Plain4 ke-zeroborder" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="501"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <b><span>Chemical species</span></b><b><span></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <b><span>Symbol</span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <b><span>Description</span></b><b><span></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>N<sub>cr</sun>B</i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>N</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Concentration of repressor protein</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>RFP</i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>R</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Concentration of </span><span>red fluorescent protein</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>promoter<sub>RFP</sub>-N<sub>crB</sub></i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>P-N</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Concentration of promoter-NcrB complex</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>N<sub>cr</sub>B-Ni</i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>P-Ni</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Concentration of NcrB-Ni | ||
+ | complex</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>Ni</i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>Ni</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Intracellular concentration of Ni</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>Ni<sub>gx</sub></i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>Ni<sub>gx</sub></i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Extracellular | ||
+ | concentration of Ni</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>promoter<sub>RFP</sub><br>promoter<sub>NcrB</sub><br>plasmid</i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>P</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Concentration of plasmid. The promoters are all occupy the same plasmid.</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>mRNA<sub>RFP</sub></i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>RR</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Concentration of RFP’s | ||
+ | mRNA</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="141" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><b><span><i>mRNA<sub>NcrB</sub></i></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="72" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span><span></span></span><span><i>RN</i></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="288" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> | ||
+ | <span>Concentration of NcrB’s mRNA</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <small class="bigtitle">1. Transcription Repression</small> | ||
+ | <p>In the culture media without Ni, E.coli has the following transcriptional repression process:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-1.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p class="imgdesc">Figure 1</p> | ||
+ | <p>Reactions</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-2.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Differential Equations</p> | ||
+ | <p>Applying mass action kinetic laws, we obtain the following set of differential equations.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-3.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <small class="bigtitle">2. Release Repression</small> | ||
+ | <p>In the culture medium containing Ni, the repression is released and the following reaction process is produced.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-4.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p class="imgdesc">Figure 2</p> | ||
+ | <p>Reactions</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-5.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>Differential Equations | ||
+ | <p>Applying mass action kinetic laws, we obtain the following set of differential equations (2.1) ~ (2.7).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-6.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <small class="bigtitle">3. Quasi-steady-state approximation (QSSA)</small> | ||
+ | <p>In the following derivation, we add the cup mark to parameters that could not be found in literature, for example . Parameters found in literature are listed in the parameters table.</p> | ||
+ | <p>Applying the quasi-steady-state approximation to the equation (2.10), the following derivation can be found.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-7.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>It can be changed to the equation (3.1).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-8.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Also, applying the quasi-steady-state approximation to equation (2.8), the following derivation can be found.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-9.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>It can be change to equation (3.3).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-10.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Substituting equation (3.3) into equation (3.1) gives:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-11.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Substituting equation (3.3) into equation (2.9) </p> | ||
+ | , <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-12.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>gives:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-13.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>then, by the indefinite integral gives:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-14.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Substituting equation (3.3) into equation (2.5) </p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-15.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>gives:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-16.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Applying the quasi-steady-state approximation to the equation (3.7), give the following equation (3.8).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-17.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>It can be changed to equation (3.9).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-18.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>The following is the derivation of (symbol: ).</p> | ||
+ | <p>Substituting the equation (3.2) into equation (2.6) | ||
+ | , </p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-19.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p> gives:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-20.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Substituting equation (3.4) into equation (3.10), gives:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-21.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Substituting equation (3.9) into equation (3.11), gives:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-22.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>However, considering the complexity of substituting the quasi-steady-state solver operator again, we simply use the <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-fujian1.png" style="display: inline-block; height: 25px;"> approximates to <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-fujian2.png" style="display: inline-block; height: 25px;"> , then (3.13) is given.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-24.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Substituting equation (3.6) into equation (3.13), and simplifying, gives:</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>where,</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <small class="bigtitle">4. Incomplete Repression</small> | ||
+ | <p>The incomplete repression of promoters is a major issue in our fluorescence system. This issue was particularly observed in following diagram.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-25.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p class="imgdesc">Figure 3</p> | ||
+ | <p>We use the Hill equation to model this process.</p> | ||
+ | <p>The common formulation of the Hill equation is as follows.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-26.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Consequently, we modeled the incomplete repression by using the ratio of occupied promoter concentration to total promoter concentration.</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-27.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>In view of the fact that is difficult to measure and and have the same trend as , we used the concentration of nickel ions to approximate the equation (4.2).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-28.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p> So, the fluorescence intensity can be obtained by the following ideal formula (does not consider cytotoxicity of nickel ions - this is addressed in the next section).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-29.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>The parameters for the production functions are:</p> | ||
+ | <p>– basal expression level of promoter</p> | ||
+ | <p>– maximal expression level of promoter </p> | ||
+ | <p>– half maximal effective concentration of </p> | ||
+ | <p>– Hill coefficient for induction.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>we can use regression to obtain the Hill coefficient for induction .</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>Added Variable (4.2), The differential equation (2.6) was updated by:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-30.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>so, we get:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-31.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>where,</p> . | ||
+ | |||
+ | <small class="bigtitle">5. The Cytotoxicity of Nickel Ions</small> | ||
+ | <p> We found that a high concentration of nickel ions will reduce the expression of fluorescence, because nickel ions have cytotoxicity. </p> | ||
+ | <p>The July 20 experimental data is as follows:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-32.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p class="imgdesc">Figure 4</p> | ||
+ | <p>Using the Logistic equation to fit the data (the incubation time was 6 hours).</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-33.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>We get the following results:</p> | ||
+ | <p>Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):</p> | ||
+ | <p>a = 2.615 (2.501, 2.73)</p> | ||
+ | <p>b = 0.9272 (0.7015, 1.153)</p> | ||
+ | <p>r = 1.836 (1.47, 2.201)</p> | ||
+ | <p>Goodness of fit:</p> | ||
+ | <p>SSE: 0.01289</p> | ||
+ | <p>R-square: 0.9985</p> | ||
+ | <p>Adjusted R-square: 0.9977</p> | ||
+ | <p>RMSE: 0.05677</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <p>We find that the adjusted R-square is close to 1, indicating that the regression equation for fitting data is very appropriate. The figure of regression is as follows:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-34.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p class="imgdesc">Figure 5</p> | ||
+ | <p>Based on the previous data and graphic, the toxicity function can be established as:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-35.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>Equation (2.7) is then modified to:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-36.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <small class="bigtitle">6. Calculating Unknown Parameters</small> | ||
+ | <p>Solving for these parameters can be regarded as the optimization problem, meanings the sum of the errors of the numerical solution of the ordinary differential equation and the original experimental data should be smallest.</p> | ||
+ | <p>The optimization model is as follows:</p> | ||
+ | <div align="center" style="margin:10px 0;"> | ||
+ | <img src="http://123.207.175.242/csdn/img/model/hbut-model-37.png" alt="this is a photo"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p>where <i>RFP<sub>i,j</sub></i> is experimental data in time <i>i</i> and at index <i>j</i> of nickel ions concentration.</p> | ||
+ | <p>Using the MEIGO Toolbox (in MATLAB 2015a) to solve optimization model (6.1), we can obtain the unknown parameters.</p> | ||
+ | <p>In the toolbox, we can choose different algorithms. These algorithms have differing stability and efficiency.</p> | ||
+ | <p>We realized that the global algorithm has better convergence, but it’s run time is too long. In this situation, the local algorithm also meets the requirements.</p> | ||
+ | <p class="pcenter">Parameters and References</p> | ||
+ | <p>Our exhaustive list of parameters is summarized in the table below.</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <table class="MsoTable15Plain4 ke-zeroborder" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <b><span>Parameter</span></b><b><span></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <b><span>Value</span></b><b><span></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <b><span>Description</span></b><b><span></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <b><span>Source/Rationale</span></b><b><span></span></b> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>α<sub>RN</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.0014nM</span><span>·min<sup>-1</sup></span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>mRNA production from NcrB DNA</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>F</span><span>ound this rate</span><span> from [4]</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>β<sub>N</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.0093nM</span><span>·min<sup>-1</sup></span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>NcrB | ||
+ | protein synthesis rate from NcrB mRNA</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>F</span><span>ound | ||
+ | this rate</span><span> from [5]</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>κ<sub>-P-N</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.1 to 1.0 nM</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Rate of dissociation of promoter-NcrB to form complex</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Range defined relative to experience, not founded in | ||
+ | literatures. <span style="color:red;"></span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>κ<sub>+P-N</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.1 | ||
+ | to 1.0 nM</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Rate | ||
+ | of dissociation of promoter-NcrB to form complex</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Range | ||
+ | defined relative to experience, not founded in literatures.<span style="color:red;"></span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>γ<sub>p</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.007min<sup>-1</sup></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Production of promoter</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>F</span><span>ound this rate</span><span> from [3]</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>κ<sub>-Ni</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.0045nM</span><span>·</span><span>min<sup>-1</sup></span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Rate | ||
+ | of Ni ions releasing</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>F</span><span>ound | ||
+ | this rate</span><span> from [2]</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>κ<sub>+Ni</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.1 to 1.0 nM</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Rate of Ni enteringl</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Range defined relative to experience, not founded in | ||
+ | literatures.<span style="color:red;"></span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span><span>κ<sub>-N-Ni</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.1 | ||
+ | to 1.0 nM</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Rate | ||
+ | of dissociation of NcrB-Ni to form complex</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Range | ||
+ | defined relative to experience, not founded in literatures.<span style="color:red;"></span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>κ<sub>+N-Ni</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.1 to 1.0 nM</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Rate of dissociation of NcrB-Ni to form complex</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Range defined relative to experience, not founded in | ||
+ | literatures.<span style="color:red;"></span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>Κ</span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>8 | ||
+ | nM</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>Formation | ||
+ | rate of NcrB-Ni</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>F</span><span>ound | ||
+ | this rate for NcrB and promoter</span><span> dissociation | ||
+ | simultaneously with</span><span> NcrB and Ni </span><span>formation </span><span>from</span><span> [1]</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>α<sub>RR</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116" style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.0014 nM</span><span>·min<sup>-1</sup></span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>mRNA production from RFP DNA</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>F</span><span>ound this rate</span><span> from [4]</span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td width="66"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span><span>β<sub>RFP</sub></span><b></b></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td width="116"> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>0.0093 | ||
+ | nM</span><span>·min<sup>-1</sup></span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>RFP | ||
+ | production from RFP mRNA</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;"> | ||
+ | <span>F</span><span>ound | ||
+ | this rate</span><span> from [5]</span><span></span> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="col-lg-2"></div> | <div class="col-lg-2"></div> |
Latest revision as of 01:35, 2 November 2017
Model
Overview
Achievements1. In our modeling work, we established the system dynamics equations according to reaction details.
2. We found some model parameters in literature; for others we derived the optimization model for unknown parameters based on the quasi-steady-state-approximation (QSSA), which can be calculated by the MEIGO toolbox in MATLAB.
3. In addition, we established the logistical regression equation for cytotoxicity of Ni.
4. For the incomplete transcription repression, we have used the Hill equation to describe.
5. Finally, we gave the experimentation group some advice about the design of their experiments and provided data analysis of the entire process.
Modeling
ASSUMPTIONSWe made four assumptions in order to simplify some aspects of the model. Many similar assumptions have been made in the literature.
1)The degradation of and other substances are linear.
2)Each cell has the same state.
3)The reaction in the process satisfies the first-order kinetic reaction.
Chemical Species
Chemical species |
Symbol |
Description |
NcrB |
N |
Concentration of repressor protein |
RFP |
R |
Concentration of red fluorescent protein |
promoterRFP-NcrB |
P-N |
Concentration of promoter-NcrB complex |
NcrB-Ni |
P-Ni |
Concentration of NcrB-Ni complex |
Ni |
Ni |
Intracellular concentration of Ni |
Nigx |
Nigx |
Extracellular concentration of Ni |
promoterRFP |
P |
Concentration of plasmid. The promoters are all occupy the same plasmid. |
mRNARFP |
RR |
Concentration of RFP’s mRNA |
mRNANcrB |
RN |
Concentration of NcrB’s mRNA |
In the culture media without Ni, E.coli has the following transcriptional repression process:
Figure 1
Reactions
Differential Equations
Applying mass action kinetic laws, we obtain the following set of differential equations.
In the culture medium containing Ni, the repression is released and the following reaction process is produced.
Figure 2
Reactions
Differential Equations
Applying mass action kinetic laws, we obtain the following set of differential equations (2.1) ~ (2.7).
In the following derivation, we add the cup mark to parameters that could not be found in literature, for example . Parameters found in literature are listed in the parameters table.
Applying the quasi-steady-state approximation to the equation (2.10), the following derivation can be found.
It can be changed to the equation (3.1).
Also, applying the quasi-steady-state approximation to equation (2.8), the following derivation can be found.
It can be change to equation (3.3).
Substituting equation (3.3) into equation (3.1) gives:
Substituting equation (3.3) into equation (2.9)
,gives:
then, by the indefinite integral gives:
Substituting equation (3.3) into equation (2.5)
gives:
Applying the quasi-steady-state approximation to the equation (3.7), give the following equation (3.8).
It can be changed to equation (3.9).
The following is the derivation of (symbol: ).
Substituting the equation (3.2) into equation (2.6) ,
gives:
Substituting equation (3.4) into equation (3.10), gives:
Substituting equation (3.9) into equation (3.11), gives:
However, considering the complexity of substituting the quasi-steady-state solver operator again, we simply use the approximates to , then (3.13) is given.
Substituting equation (3.6) into equation (3.13), and simplifying, gives:
where,
4. Incomplete RepressionThe incomplete repression of promoters is a major issue in our fluorescence system. This issue was particularly observed in following diagram.
Figure 3
We use the Hill equation to model this process.
The common formulation of the Hill equation is as follows.
Consequently, we modeled the incomplete repression by using the ratio of occupied promoter concentration to total promoter concentration.
In view of the fact that is difficult to measure and and have the same trend as , we used the concentration of nickel ions to approximate the equation (4.2).
So, the fluorescence intensity can be obtained by the following ideal formula (does not consider cytotoxicity of nickel ions - this is addressed in the next section).
The parameters for the production functions are:
– basal expression level of promoter
– maximal expression level of promoter
– half maximal effective concentration of
– Hill coefficient for induction.
we can use regression to obtain the Hill coefficient for induction .
Added Variable (4.2), The differential equation (2.6) was updated by:
so, we get:
where,
. 5. The Cytotoxicity of Nickel IonsWe found that a high concentration of nickel ions will reduce the expression of fluorescence, because nickel ions have cytotoxicity.
The July 20 experimental data is as follows:
Figure 4
Using the Logistic equation to fit the data (the incubation time was 6 hours).
We get the following results:
Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):
a = 2.615 (2.501, 2.73)
b = 0.9272 (0.7015, 1.153)
r = 1.836 (1.47, 2.201)
Goodness of fit:
SSE: 0.01289
R-square: 0.9985
Adjusted R-square: 0.9977
RMSE: 0.05677
We find that the adjusted R-square is close to 1, indicating that the regression equation for fitting data is very appropriate. The figure of regression is as follows:
Figure 5
Based on the previous data and graphic, the toxicity function can be established as:
Equation (2.7) is then modified to:
Solving for these parameters can be regarded as the optimization problem, meanings the sum of the errors of the numerical solution of the ordinary differential equation and the original experimental data should be smallest.
The optimization model is as follows:
where RFPi,j is experimental data in time i and at index j of nickel ions concentration.
Using the MEIGO Toolbox (in MATLAB 2015a) to solve optimization model (6.1), we can obtain the unknown parameters.
In the toolbox, we can choose different algorithms. These algorithms have differing stability and efficiency.
We realized that the global algorithm has better convergence, but it’s run time is too long. In this situation, the local algorithm also meets the requirements.
Parameters and References
Our exhaustive list of parameters is summarized in the table below.
Parameter |
Value |
Description |
Source/Rationale |
αRN |
0.0014nM·min-1 |
mRNA production from NcrB DNA |
Found this rate from [4] |
βN |
0.0093nM·min-1 |
NcrB protein synthesis rate from NcrB mRNA |
Found this rate from [5] |
κ-P-N |
0.1 to 1.0 nM |
Rate of dissociation of promoter-NcrB to form complex |
Range defined relative to experience, not founded in literatures. |
κ+P-N |
0.1 to 1.0 nM |
Rate of dissociation of promoter-NcrB to form complex |
Range defined relative to experience, not founded in literatures. |
γp |
0.007min-1 |
Production of promoter |
Found this rate from [3] |
κ-Ni |
0.0045nM·min-1 |
Rate of Ni ions releasing |
Found this rate from [2] |
κ+Ni |
0.1 to 1.0 nM |
Rate of Ni enteringl |
Range defined relative to experience, not founded in literatures. |
κ-N-Ni |
0.1 to 1.0 nM |
Rate of dissociation of NcrB-Ni to form complex |
Range defined relative to experience, not founded in literatures. |
κ+N-Ni |
0.1 to 1.0 nM |
Rate of dissociation of NcrB-Ni to form complex |
Range defined relative to experience, not founded in literatures. |
Κ |
8 nM |
Formation rate of NcrB-Ni |
Found this rate for NcrB and promoter dissociation simultaneously with NcrB and Ni formation from [1] |
αRR |
0.0014 nM·min-1 |
mRNA production from RFP DNA |
Found this rate from [4] |
βRFP |
0.0093 nM·min-1 |
RFP production from RFP mRNA |
Found this rate from [5] |