Difference between revisions of "Team:AFCM-Egypt/Description"
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<h1 align="center" style="color:#1E90FF;">Project Description</h1> | <h1 align="center" style="color:#1E90FF;">Project Description</h1> | ||
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<p>Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, accounting for more than 600,000 deaths each year The American Cancer Society’s estimates -of primary liver cancer and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States for 2016 are about 39,230 of newly diagnosed cases - and 27,170 died people of these cancers .In Egypt; Liver cancer is a serious if not the most serious cancer problem. It is ranked the first among cancers in males (33.6%) and next to breast cancer among females based upon results of National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP 2008-2011) .The rising rates of HCC in Egypt are due to the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) among Egyptian population . Therefore; we need effective strategies for early detection and better management of HCC which will be of great value in developing countries with limited resources and high incidence rates of HCC, such as Egypt. | <p>Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, accounting for more than 600,000 deaths each year The American Cancer Society’s estimates -of primary liver cancer and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States for 2016 are about 39,230 of newly diagnosed cases - and 27,170 died people of these cancers .In Egypt; Liver cancer is a serious if not the most serious cancer problem. It is ranked the first among cancers in males (33.6%) and next to breast cancer among females based upon results of National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP 2008-2011) .The rising rates of HCC in Egypt are due to the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) among Egyptian population . Therefore; we need effective strategies for early detection and better management of HCC which will be of great value in developing countries with limited resources and high incidence rates of HCC, such as Egypt. | ||
It is well known that the human genome is actively transcribed; however, there are only about 20, 000 protein-coding genes, accounting for about 2% of the genome, and the rest of the transcripts are non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). For instance, over 56, 000 human lncRNAs have been identified to date ; however, the biological function for most of them is not known. Therefore, there is a critical need for functional studies of lncRNAs. A most commonly used approach for gene functional study is knockdown by RNA inference (RNAi) which is mainly functional in the cytoplasm where RISC complexes are located. However, many lncRNAs are localized to the nucleus ( ), which can make it difficult to achieve robust knockdown. Thus, genetic editing at the genomic level provides a better alternative because it targets the genomic DNA. There are several genetic tools available for this purpose, including zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activation-like element nuclease (TALEN) ( ). For example, type II restriction enzyme FokI is often used as a cleavage domain in ZFN ; similarly, engineered TAL effectors can also be fused to the cleavage domain of FokI to create TALENs for genome editing ( ). Recently, a novel genetic engineering tool called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated (Cas) system is more advanced because of easy generation and high efficiency of gene targeting . Importantly, it only requires changing the sequence of the guide RNA (gRNA); and it can be directly delivered into embryos, to generate sequence-modified animals ( ). Furthermore, multiplexing capability of CRISPR/Cas makes it possible to target multiple genes simultaneously . | It is well known that the human genome is actively transcribed; however, there are only about 20, 000 protein-coding genes, accounting for about 2% of the genome, and the rest of the transcripts are non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). For instance, over 56, 000 human lncRNAs have been identified to date ; however, the biological function for most of them is not known. Therefore, there is a critical need for functional studies of lncRNAs. A most commonly used approach for gene functional study is knockdown by RNA inference (RNAi) which is mainly functional in the cytoplasm where RISC complexes are located. However, many lncRNAs are localized to the nucleus ( ), which can make it difficult to achieve robust knockdown. Thus, genetic editing at the genomic level provides a better alternative because it targets the genomic DNA. There are several genetic tools available for this purpose, including zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activation-like element nuclease (TALEN) ( ). For example, type II restriction enzyme FokI is often used as a cleavage domain in ZFN ; similarly, engineered TAL effectors can also be fused to the cleavage domain of FokI to create TALENs for genome editing ( ). Recently, a novel genetic engineering tool called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated (Cas) system is more advanced because of easy generation and high efficiency of gene targeting . Importantly, it only requires changing the sequence of the guide RNA (gRNA); and it can be directly delivered into embryos, to generate sequence-modified animals ( ). Furthermore, multiplexing capability of CRISPR/Cas makes it possible to target multiple genes simultaneously . | ||
Revision as of 21:54, 10 June 2017
Project Description
Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, accounting for more than 600,000 deaths each year The American Cancer Society’s estimates -of primary liver cancer and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States for 2016 are about 39,230 of newly diagnosed cases - and 27,170 died people of these cancers .In Egypt; Liver cancer is a serious if not the most serious cancer problem. It is ranked the first among cancers in males (33.6%) and next to breast cancer among females based upon results of National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP 2008-2011) .The rising rates of HCC in Egypt are due to the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) among Egyptian population . Therefore; we need effective strategies for early detection and better management of HCC which will be of great value in developing countries with limited resources and high incidence rates of HCC, such as Egypt. It is well known that the human genome is actively transcribed; however, there are only about 20, 000 protein-coding genes, accounting for about 2% of the genome, and the rest of the transcripts are non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). For instance, over 56, 000 human lncRNAs have been identified to date ; however, the biological function for most of them is not known. Therefore, there is a critical need for functional studies of lncRNAs. A most commonly used approach for gene functional study is knockdown by RNA inference (RNAi) which is mainly functional in the cytoplasm where RISC complexes are located. However, many lncRNAs are localized to the nucleus ( ), which can make it difficult to achieve robust knockdown. Thus, genetic editing at the genomic level provides a better alternative because it targets the genomic DNA. There are several genetic tools available for this purpose, including zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activation-like element nuclease (TALEN) ( ). For example, type II restriction enzyme FokI is often used as a cleavage domain in ZFN ; similarly, engineered TAL effectors can also be fused to the cleavage domain of FokI to create TALENs for genome editing ( ). Recently, a novel genetic engineering tool called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated (Cas) system is more advanced because of easy generation and high efficiency of gene targeting . Importantly, it only requires changing the sequence of the guide RNA (gRNA); and it can be directly delivered into embryos, to generate sequence-modified animals ( ). Furthermore, multiplexing capability of CRISPR/Cas makes it possible to target multiple genes simultaneously . CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly gained popularity due to its superior simplicity ( ). In this system, a single guide RNA (sgRNA) complexes with Cas9 nuclease, which can recognize a variable 20-nucleotide target sequence adjacent to a 5′-NGG-3′ protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and introduce a DSB in the target DNA ( ). The induced DSB then triggers DNA repair process mainly via two distinct mechanisms, namely, the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways.
