Difference between revisions of "Team:INSA-UPS France/test"

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{{INSA-UPS_France/Header_new}}
 
{{INSA-UPS_France/Header_new}}
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<html>
 
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<!-- C O N T E N T -->
 
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   <div class="section_container">
 
   <div class="section_container">
  
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     <section style="display:table;background:none;padding:0px !important;z-index:100; ">
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     <section style="background:none;padding:0px !important;z-index:100; ">
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       <h1 style="vertical-align:bottom;display:table-cell; width:70%;font-size:60pt;letter-spacing: 0.2em;z-index:120;text-align: center;">Entrepreneurship</h1>
+
       <h1 style="font-size:5vw;letter-spacing: 1vw;z-index:120;text-align: center;">Integrated Human Practices </h1>
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       <img style="vertical-align:bottom;display:table-cell; width:100%;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/d/d0/T--INSA-UPS_France--Entrepreneurship_croco.png" alt="">
+
        
−
     </section>
+
     </section>  
−
   
+
 
 
     <section>
 
     <section>
−
      <h1>Commercialize a novel system for saving lives</h1>
 
−
      <p>
 
−
        With such an innovative system of synthetic communication between microorganisms dedicated to fight cholera, an ongoing human health issue, it would be a nonsense not to exploit it for saving lives.
 
−
      </p>
 
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         In this part of the project, our team developed an approach to commercialize our system. To achieve this goal, we first collected <b>testimonies</b> on two topics:  
+
         As a descriptive ethical matrix, its purpose is to highlight the decision process done by the team at every step of the project in the respect and integrity of stakeholders. During the conception of our device, three conditions are emphasized from the crossings between stakeholders and values (well-being, autonomy, fairness):  
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 
       <ul>
 
       <ul>
−
         <li>a reflexion on the prototype:  how can we best adapt and optimize our system to the current cholera epidemics?</li>
+
         <li>material conditions: taking into account the resources, to compensate their unequal repartition)</li>
−
         <li>an entrepreneurship reflexion: how to set up a company? What shall be our values?</li>
+
        <li>moral conditions: responsibility in design, responsibility of the intermediate actors )</li>
 +
         <li>cultural conditions: acceptability by users.</li>
 
       </ul>
 
       </ul>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         We therefore met successful entrepreneurs in the field of biotechnology and business developer (Marc Lemonnier from the start-up Antabio, Pierre Monsan from Toulouse White Biotechnology, Pierre-Alain Hoffmann from the CRITT Bio-Industries), people that developed a business to treat water, especially from V. cholerae (Christophe Campéri-Ginestet from Sunwaterlife), humanitarians from NGOs that daily face cholera (Claire Salvador from Doctors Without Borders and Alama Keita from UNICEF) and finally, more generally to Westerners. These rich discussions have helped us to deeply understand the cholera context and to adapt our positioning in a viable way for us and sustainable for our targeted users.  
+
         As a normative ethical matrix towards the members of the team, it is a way to compel our social responsibility in this project.
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
−
      <p>
 
−
Consequently, a <b>scope statement</b> has been established, detailing the functional and technical features of our product.
 
−
      </p>
 
−
      <p>
 
−
        In parallel, an <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:INSA-UPS_France/HP/Gold_Integrated">ethical matrix</a> was built to highlight the important features to work on and to provide a decision tool so that our system is ethically acceptable.
 
−
      </p>
 
−
      <p>
 
−
        Then, we had to conceive the device following as closely as possible the scope statement: How to best contain GMMs? How to make user-friendly a device? What materials can be used to combine quality and price? Once again, the testimonies and the ethical matrix helped us to reflect about that. Besides, diffusion tests were carried out by our team to choose the best materials of the device. After answering these questions, the device containing our system was modeled and printed in 3D thanks to Jean-Jacques Dumas help, a professional in the design of industrial products.
 
−
 
−
      </p>
 
−
      <p>
 
−
        Finally, once our product created, our team developed a <b>business plan</b> in order to project ourselves into a business creation project, define the action plan to be implemented to exploit this opportunity and how that will result in financial terms. Here, we were assisted by Pierre-Alain Hoffmann, Deputy Director of the business incubator named CRITT Bio-Industries, who has a lot of knowledge in business creation and development.
 
−
 
−
      </p>
 
−
      <figure>
 
−
        <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f2/T--INSA-UPS_France--Entrepreneurship_plan.png" style="max-width: 400px;" alt="">
 
−
        <figcaption>Entrepreneurship approach to commercialize our project Croc&rsquo;n Cholera </figcaption>
 
−
      </figure>
 
 
     </section>
 
     </section>
  
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     <style>
+
     <div class="hp-container">
−
       .overview_pe{    
+
      <div class="top-hp">
 +
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         text-align: center;
 
         text-align: center;
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        display:table;
 
−
        table-layout: fixed;
 
 
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−
 
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−
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+
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 +
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 +
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 +
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         background:rgba(255,255,255,0.2);
 
         background:rgba(255,255,255,0.2);
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        border-radius: 20px;
 
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         cursor:pointer;
 
         cursor:pointer;
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        border:solid 3px transparent;
 
 
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−
       .pe-category-inside img{
+
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 +
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         width:100%;
 +
        height:10px;
 +
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       .pe-category-inside p{
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−
         padding:20px;
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+
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−
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       .step > div.selected-step{
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       .content-right{
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         border:solid 4px #e06666;
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      .summary-left{
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       }
 
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         border:solid 4px #e06666;
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         background: #e06666;
−
         width:10%;
+
         color:white;
 
       }
 
       }
 
     </style>
 
     </style>
  
 +
    <div style="text-align: center;display:inline-block;">
 +
      <div class="steps-container">
 +
        <div class="step"><div class="selected-step" data-target="1">1</div></div>
 +
        <div class="step-path"><div id="path-2"></div></div>
 +
        <div class="step"><div data-target="2">2</div></div>
 +
        <div class="step-path"><div id="path-3"></div></div>
 +
        <div class="step"><div data-target="3">3</div></div>
 +
        <div class="step-path"><div id="path-4"></div></div>
 +
        <div class="step"><div data-target="4">4</div></div>
 +
        <div class="step-path"><div id="path-5"></div></div>
 +
        <div class="step"><div data-target="5">5</div></div>
 +
        <div class="step-path"><div id="path-6"></div></div>
 +
        <div class="step"><div data-target="6">6</div></div>
 +
        <div class="step-path"><div id="path-7"></div></div>
 +
        <div class="step"><div data-target="7">7</div></div>
 +
        <div class="step-path"><div id="path-8"></div></div>
 +
        <div class="step"><div data-target="8">8</div></div>
 +
      </div>   
 +
    </div>
 +
      </div>
  
−
    <div class="overview_pe">
+
      <style>
−
      <div class="pe_category_ov">
+
        .hp-container{
−
        <div class="pe-category-inside">
+
          position:relative;
−
           <a href=""><h2>Testimonies</h2></a>
+
          margin-top:50px;
 +
        }
 +
        .top-hp{
 +
          height:10%;
 +
          text-align: center;
 +
        }
 +
        .bot-hp{
 +
          height:90%;
 +
          position: relative;
 +
          display:table;
 +
          width:100%;
 +
        }
 +
        .process-container, .matrix-container{
 +
          display:table-cell;
 +
          height:100%;
 +
          vertical-align: top;
 +
        }
 +
        .process-container{
 +
          width:20%;
 +
          vertical-align: top;
 +
        }
 +
        .matrix-container{
 +
          width:80%;
 +
        }
 +
        .matrix{
 +
          display:none;
 +
          width:100%;
 +
          height:100%;
 +
        }
 +
        .matrix table{
 +
          width:100%;
 +
          height:100%;
 +
          table-layout: fixed;
 +
        }
 +
        .matrix table tr td{
 +
          border:solid 1px #eee;
 +
          text-align: center;
 +
        }
 +
        .matrix.visible{
 +
          display:block;
 +
        }
 +
        .process-container img{
 +
          display:none;
 +
          height:65%;
 +
        }
 +
        .process-container img.visible{
 +
          display:inline-block;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
        .green-cell{
 +
          background-color:#d9ead3;
 +
          border:none;
 +
        }
 +
        .orange-cell{
 +
          background-color:#fce5cd;
 +
          border:none;
 +
        }
 +
        .red-cell{
 +
          background-color:#f4cccc;
 +
          border:none;
 +
        }
 +
        .white-cell{
 +
          background-color:#eee;
 +
          border:none;
 +
        }
 +
 
 +
      </style>
 +
      <div class="bot-hp">
 +
        <div class="process-container">
 +
          <img id="mat-img-1" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/3a/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-1.png" class="visible" alt="">
 +
          <div id="step-name-1" class="step-name visible">1 - Brainstorming</div>
 +
          <img id="mat-img-2" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/3c/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-2.png" alt="">
 +
           <div id="step-name-2" class="step-name">2 - Production</div>
 +
          <img id="mat-img-3" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/d/da/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-3.png" alt="">
 +
          <div id="step-name-3" class="step-name">3 - Education</div>
 +
          <img id="mat-img-4" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/a/a8/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-4.png" alt="">
 +
          <img id="mat-img-5" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/6/6e/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-5.png" alt="">
 +
          <img id="mat-img-6" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/d/d8/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-6.png" alt="">
 +
          <img id="mat-img-7" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f3/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-7.png" alt="">
 +
          <img id="mat-img-8" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/37/T--INSA-UPS_France--HP-IHP_ethical-matrix-8.png" alt="">
 
         </div>
 
         </div>
−
       </div>
+
       <div class="matrix-container">
−
      <div class="pe_category_ov">
+
 
−
        <div class="pe-category-inside" data-target="1">
+
        <div class="matrix m-1 visible">
−
          <h2>Scope Statement</h2>
+
          <table>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
 +
              <th>Well-being</th>
 +
              <th>Autonomy</th>
 +
              <th>Fairness</th>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Technological and innovative challenge; responsible design</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Design choices; no ideological/financial constraints </td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Respond to a worldwide problem</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Inclusion in the conception process</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Transparency of design</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Improving everyday life</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Early risk management</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Respect of biodiversity</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Eco-friendly by design</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Safe in accordance with public policies </td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Transparency of design</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Social inclusion</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No long term negative impact</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Transparency of design</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No long term inequalities</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Future generations</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No long term negative impact</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Discussion about synthetic biology</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No long term inequalities</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 
         </div>
 
         </div>
−
      </div>
+
 
−
      <div class="pe_category_ov">
+
 
−
        <div class="pe-category-inside">
+
        <div class="matrix m-2">
−
          <a href=""><h2>Device Conception</h2></a>
+
          <table>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
 +
              <th>Well-being</th>
 +
              <th>Autonomy</th>
 +
              <th>Fairness</th>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Quality control; respect of the specifications</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Choice of technical production solutions</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Respect of environment and labour in the production process</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Respect of their quality and traceability norms</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Collaboration; possibility of inspection </td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Quality and performance controls</td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Fair production price </td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Eco-friendly process; use a cluster structure to limit the transport between the factories (ie device production, Membrane production) </td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Respect biodiversity; re-use exploitation facilities</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Durable production process; value protection of ecosystems as much as workers</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Employement of workers in the production process</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Respect of the state legislation in terms  work condition and GMO</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No impact on their quality of life</td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Future generations</th>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Constant optimization of the production process</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Review the production process when new technologies</td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 
         </div>
 
         </div>
−
      </div>
+
 
−
      <div class="pe_category_ov">
+
 
−
        <div class="pe-category-inside category-selected" data-target="2">
+
        <div class="matrix m-3">
−
          <h2>Business Plan</h2>
+
          <table>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
 +
              <th>Well-being</th>
 +
              <th>Autonomy</th>
 +
              <th>Fairness</th>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Acceptance of product by stakeholders</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No commercial constraints; freedom to offer product</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Fair evaluation of product by stakeholders</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Proven added value compared to existing solutions</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">No lobbying; freedom of choice</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Fair price; homogeneity in price around the world</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Product integrity at delivery</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Discussion about the product, inclusion in the NGO's choice</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Distribution to different NGOs in the world</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Easily transportable; reduction of transport pollution</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No disturbance of natural ecosystems</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No unnecessary transport</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Financial help of governments towards the best existing solution</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Proven added value compared to existing solutions</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Distribution to different NGOs in the world</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Future generations</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Evaluation of long term business plan, viability of the project</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Freedom to change for another solution</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Regular evaluation of selling price</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 
         </div>
 
         </div>
−
      </div>
+
 
−
      <div class="pe_category_ov">
+
        <div class="matrix m-4">
−
        <div class="pe-category-inside">
+
          <table>
−
          <a href=""><h2>Prospects</h2></a>
+
            <tr>
 +
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
 +
              <th>Well-being</th>
 +
              <th>Autonomy</th>
 +
              <th>Fairness</th>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Responsiblity of explaination</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Elaboration of educational supports</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Right to expose the considered use of the device</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Able to transmit general messages along with the speciifc explanations of the device</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Participation in the elaboration of educational support; veto power about the message transmitted</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Even distribution of educational support</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Useful key elements about cholera and use of the device: education done in accordance with cultural approches</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Education availbale at all time</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Equal access to education; comprehensible by everyone</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Education done about the respect of environment</td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">No contradictions with the preservation of the environment</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Education integrated with the one already in place</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Veto power about the message transmitted</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">No competition with education done by the government</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Supports also explain basic hygiene rules</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Inclusion in the elaboration of the user manual, to work together towards a better health</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Information about the existing structures to help the population</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Trustworthiness in the information given</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No right to deliver an information as general truth without debate</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Future generations</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Long lasting information passed generation after generation</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Upgrading of educational supports</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No detrimental health information in the long run</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 
         </div>
 
         </div>
−
      </div>
 
−
    </div>
 
  
−
    <style>
+
        <div class="matrix m-5">
−
      .category-content.visible{
+
          <table>
−
         display:block;
+
            <tr>
−
      }
+
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
−
      .category-content{
+
              <th>Well-being</th>
−
         display: none;
+
              <th>Autonomy</th>
−
      }
+
              <th>Fairness</th>
−
    </style>
+
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Ensure the disponibility of product; alternative distribution pattern</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Fair distribution according to the initial project</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Product integrity at delivery; no disturbance of routine activities</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Possibility of re-discussion of the collaboration; decision of distribution</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Responsability in the even distribution of the product</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Product integrity at delivery; accessibility of product</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Discussion about the product; inclusion in the establishment of the distribution process</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Fair distribution; not discriminatory</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Easily transportable; reduction of transport pollution</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No disturbance of natural ecosystems</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No unnecessary transport</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No countries excluded by the distribution</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Distribution to populations in need</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Fair distribution; not discriminatory</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Water treatment firm</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No disturbance of daily life</td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Distribution does not create long term inequalities between populations affected</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Autonomous gestion of the distribution without the help of NGOs</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Constant evalutation of the distribution pattern</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 +
         </div>
 +
 
 +
        <div class="matrix m-6">
 +
          <table>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
 +
              <th>Well-being</th>
 +
              <th>Autonomy</th>
 +
              <th>Fairness</th>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Scientific responsibility; global managing of containment respect</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Decision in the scientific solution kept to achieve containment</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Homogeneity of containment in production through time</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Care responsibility; evaluation of containment</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right to review their collaboration if containment not satisfying</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Homogeneity of containment during storage and distribution</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No danger in drinking the water</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No intervention needed; emergency infromation accessible</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Homogeneity of containment in the different distribution patterns</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No spoilage of surrounding water </td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No disturbance of natural ecosystems</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No leak of containment, no destruction of natural organisms</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No degradation of valuable natural ressources; no negative impact on population health</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Fair access to containment verifications information</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Respect of health recommendations in place</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No degradation of environment</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No negative impacts</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Future generations</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No long lasting negative impacts</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Re-assessment of containment scientific solution</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No degradation of valuable natural ressources</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 +
         </div>
 +
 
 +
        <div class="matrix m-7">
 +
          <table>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
 +
              <th>Well-being</th>
 +
              <th>Autonomy</th>
 +
              <th>Fairness</th>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Efficiency, trustworthiness</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Use understandable by everyone</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Easy to set up; trustworthiness</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No need of external help to use it</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Care for everyone</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Efficiency; trustworhtiness; acceptability = no change in customs (water taste, color....</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Easy-to-use, no disturbance of professional activity</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Understandable by everyone</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Maintaining biodiversity; maintain heterogeneity of ecosystems</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Respect of natural ecosystems</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Non-human life valued as much as human lifes</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No impact on the economical activities of its population; positive impact on the health of the population</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Adapted to the country at stake in terms of language, culture, traditions</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Impact on the worldwide cholera epidemics</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No interference with their quality of life</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No interference with their quality of life</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No interference with their quality of life</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Future generations</th>
 +
              <td></td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Adapt the utilisation to new scientific datas discovered</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Proceed to vigilance over time of possible secondary effects of the use of the device</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 +
        </div>
 +
 
 +
        <div class="matrix m-8">
 +
          <table>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <td style="border:none; background:none;"></td>
 +
              <th>Well-being</th>
 +
              <th>Autonomy</th>
 +
              <th>Fairness</th>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>iGEM team</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Care responsibility</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Waste treatment solution examined by authorities and NGOs</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>NGO</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Simple waste treatment procedure, integrable in existing procedures</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Not too much constraints, liberty to end the collaboration at anytime</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Not to be responsible for all the costs </td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Users</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Protection from risks</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">No need of external help to discard used device; inclusion in the setting up of the procedure</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Equal access to this waste treatment; spatial and social repartition of the waste treatment</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Environment</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Maintaining biodiversity; reducing transport of waste</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No disturbance of natural ecosystems</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Non-human life valued as much as human lifes; help with the treatment of other wastes</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Government</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Integration in actual procedures</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">No additional costs for treating the wastes</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>WHO</th>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Respecting health recomendations concerning GMO waste</td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
              <td class="green-cell">Right of review </td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Non stakeholders</th>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Not affecting the integrity of natural ressources in the process</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">No interference with environment</td>
 +
              <td class="orange-cell">Solution for other wastes as well</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
            <tr>
 +
              <th>Future generations</th>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Not affecting the integrity of the ressources in the process</td>
 +
              <td class="red-cell">Autonomous and long term waste treatment solution</td>
 +
              <td class="white-cell">Solution available if needed</td>
 +
            </tr>
 +
          </table>
 +
        </div>
 +
        </div>
  
−
    <div class="category-content visible" id="1">
 
−
      <div class="summary-left">
 
−
        <ul>
 
−
          <li data-number="1" style="list-style-type: none;">Scope Statement</li>
 
−
          <li data-number="1">1- Project presentation</li>
 
−
          <li data-number="2">2- Project requirements</li>
 
−
          <li data-number="3">Conclusion</li>
 
−
          <li data-number="4">References</li>
 
−
        </ul>
 
 
       </div>
 
       </div>
−
     <div class="content-right">
+
     </div>
−
    <section id="sc1">
+
−
      <h1>Chapter 1 - Project presentation</h1>
+
−
      <h2>Context</h2>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        Cholera is a diarrhea-causing-disease that has affected the entire world through many epidemics throughout history. Today it still strikes developing countries, war-torn countries or those affected by natural disasters. It is contracted after ingestion of water contaminated with the pathogenic bacterium <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>. The main cause of a cholera epidemic is the lack of drinking water and sanitation resources in affected countries. According to the WHO, between 1.3 and 4 million cases are reported worldwide each year and 21,000 to 143,000 deaths.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        Rehydratation is a very efficient treatment to cure the patients, however some people can not get this treatment early enough because they live in remote areas or can not have access to drinkable water. Thus a solution to treat water in these areas has to be found. Current preventive solutions (sterilizing filtration, water treatment by chlorination, etc.) are expensive or difficult to set up.
+
−
      </p>
+
  
−
       <h2>Purpose of the project</h2>
+
    <section>
 +
       <h1>Presentation of the stakeholders in the development of our technology</h1>
 +
      <p><b>Actors:</b> any person or group of people who can make a decision concerning the right way to act and who can have an impact on that decision. As actors, we also wanted to introduce non-humans, in our case the environment. </p>
 +
      <p>&rarr; iGEM Team, environment, non stakeholders, future generation</p>
 +
      <p><b>Users:</b> people who use a technology and who may formulate certain wishes or requirements for the functioning of a technology.</p>
 +
      <p>&rarr;  Users local, NGO</p>
 +
      <p><b>Regulators:</b> organizations who formulate rules or regulations that engineered products have to meet. It can be norms concerning health and safety, but also guidelines linked to relations between competitors and fair trade.</p>
 +
      <p>&rarr; NGO, government, WHO</p>
 +
      <p style="font-family:'Quicksand',sans-serif;">Ref.: Van de Poel, I. and Royakkers L. (2011). <i>Ethics, Technology and Engineering. An introduction.</i></p>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         Our team wants to make a new system of detection and purification of water contaminated with the pathogenic bacterium <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>. This device will consist of two elements:
+
         <span class="red-cell">Remains to be examined</span>
−
      </p>
+
−
      <ul>
+
−
        <li>A sensor to detect the presence of <i>V. cholerae</i> in water consisting in engineered <i>Vibrio harveyi</i>.</li>
+
−
        <li>
+
−
          An effector to secrete a cocktail of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) consisting in engineered <i>Pichia pastoris</i>. In Nature, these AMPs are successfully used by the crocodile immune system against bacteria. The peptides used in our system have a broad spectrum of action and are particularly effective against <i>V. cholerae</i>.</li>
+
−
      </ul>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The device will be designed for local populations. Thus, the goal is to set up a system as suitable as possible to their users for the purification of water contaminated with cholera.
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 +
      <p><span class="orange-cell">Currently being examined</span></p>
 +
      <p><span class="green-cell">Already examined or inherently true</span></p>
 +
      <p><span style="border:solid 1px #eee">No control possible for now</span></p>
 +
    </section>
  
−
       <h2>Organization of the project</h2>
+
    <section>
 +
       <h1>1 - Brainstorming</h1>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         This project is run by a group of nine students from different universities: Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse), INSA Lyon and INSA Toulouse. It is supervised by St&eacute;phanie Heux and Brice Enjalbert, researchers at LISBP (Toulouse), assisted by eleven other researchers. The team was formed in January 2017 and will work on this project until November 2017, date of the final restitution at the MIT, Boston.
+
         This ethical matrix is the one describing the important points taken in consideration to choose the subject. As an iGEM team we wanted a technological and innovative challenge, to surpass ourselves. We also wanted to help resolve a concrete worldwide problem, having a positive impact on social and environmental aspects.    
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 
     </section>
 
     </section>
  
−
     <section id="sc2">
+
     <section>
−
       <h1>Chapter 2 - Project requirements</h1>
+
       <h1>2- Production</h1>
−
 
+
−
      <h2>Functional specifications</h2>
+
−
      <h3>Detection of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i></h3>
+
−
 
+
−
      <h4>Description</h4>
+
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         Our system must <b>detect the presence of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i></b> in water so that the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are spread in flow only if it contains <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>. In fact, the production of AMPs has to be controlled for two reasons. On the one hand, if water is drinkable, there is no need for AMPs production. On the other hand, other microorganisms (either from the user microbiota or the nearby environment) won&rsquo;t develop peptide resistance.
+
         The key element emerging from this ethical matrix is that our production process needs to be <b>as eco-friendly as possible</b>. Thus applying all the classical rules of production as follows: <b>use a cluster structure to reduce the transport, re-use facilities, treat production waste properly, choose the most optimized solution for each step of the process, from plant heating to final packaging</b>. As the technologies are evolving rapidly, is seems then obvious that all the decisions taken need to be <b>re-assessed regularly</b> to ensure that the processes in place are the more efficient ones in terms of resource comsumption and secondary products production. Another important point is the <b>respect of the workers</b>, we need to make sure that the health standards for working in the factories will be respected at all times during the production.      
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Constraints</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        To develop the disease, the minimal quantity of <b>V. cholerae</b> cells a human being must ingest  is about 10<sup>4</sup> cells, in one dose of water<sup>1, 2</sup>. The constraints are the following:
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <ul>
+
−
        <li>to <b>detect this concentration</b> of cells </li>
+
−
        <li>to <b>activate</b> AMP production for water purification <b>only starting from this concentration</b></li>
+
−
      </ul>
+
−
      <h4>Priority</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        Detection is not the top priority of our system. Purification could work continuously but the implementation of this function is better for safety reason. Moreover, according to the testimonies, the detection function of our system is a new and strong point in the treatment of water contaminated with <i>V. cholerae</i>.
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 +
    </section>
  
−
      <h3>Purification of water</h3>
+
    <section>
−
       <h4>Description</h4>
+
       <h1>3- Sales</h1>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         The other aim of our project is to <b>wipe <i>V. cholerae</i> out of water</b>. The system has to produce antimicrobial peptides when water is contaminated with <i>V. cholerae</i>, i.e. when water contains amounts of microorganism superior to the minimum toxic concentration (about 10<sup>4</sup> cells in one dose of water<sup>1</sup>). The AMPs used for the project have a broad spectrum of action against microorganisms, but they are particularly efficient against <i>V. cholerae</i> (Leucrocine I : MIC = 0.156 &micro;g/mL<sup>3</sup> (&gt;52&micro;g/mL<sup>4</sup>); D-NY15: MIC = 27 &micro;g/mL<sup>4</sup>; cOT2: MIC = 29.22 &micro;g/mL<sup>5</sup>). The goal is to produce these peptides until <i>V. cholerae</i> is wiped out and water becomes drinkable or usable without being dangerous.
+
         The total freedom of choice and transparency of our selling process is intrisinc to our apporach and pose no problem. For the future we have to work on communication around our product, to be sure that the <b>stakeholders know what is it and can take an enlightened decision</b>. These stakeholders will then also be included in the setting of commercial deals. Then to respond to most of the challenges of this matrice, <b>a business plan and a SWOT analysis were carried</b>. Currently, an evaluation of the final price of the product is carried to ensure its <b>long term economic viability in comparison to existing systems</b> offered to NGOs. Furthermore tests are done to <b>ensure the added value of our product</b>. A problem that still exists for this step is that for now we only contacted NGO doing actions in the African continent and thus thought our device to fit in their organisations. To further develop our product we need to ensure that we are <b>not creating inequailities in the world</b>, and making our device accessible et each place where cholera is a problem. For that we need to widen our contacts and think of <b>adapting the selling process to different NGOs</b>.    
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Constraints</h4>
+
−
      <ul>
+
−
        <li>The AMPs have to be correctly <b>synthesized</b> and <b>secreted</b>.</li>
+
−
        <li>They must be <b>stable</b> enough to keep their activities in muddy water for example. </li>
+
−
        <li>The AMPs must properly <b>diffuse</b> to target bacteria. </li>
+
−
        <li>Several <b>factors</b> have to be taken into account: temperature in affected countries (around 40&deg;C (104&deg;F)), the viscosity of water, its pH, etc.</li>
+
−
      </ul>
+
−
      <h4>Priority</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        Purification of water contaminated with <i>V. cholerae</i> is the central part of our project: the priority is high. Without it,  which is the first goal of the project, the contract won’t be fulfilled.
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 +
    </section>
  
−
      <h2>Technical specifications</h2>
+
    <section>
−
      <h3>Safety</h3>
+
       <h1>4 - Education</h1>
−
       <h4>Ingestion of the GMMs</h4>
+
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         The exchanges of molecules between the compartment containing GMMs and water must be feasible but the GMMs must not go into water. Actually, on the one hand, the CAI-1 molecule of the <i>V. cholerae</i> quorum sensing must diffuse to the compartment containing the detecting bacteria, <i>V. harveyi.</i> On the other hand, the AMPs produced by <i>P. pastoris</i> must go from the compartment containing the GMMs to the water contaminated with <i>V. cholerae</i>. However, class I <b>GMMs must be kept out of the purified water</b>.
+
         Here &quot;education&quot; describes the fact that with the <b>distribution of a new product and the autonomous use of it</b>, there is a minimum required education to do. Explaining to the local population the right way to use it is part of the responsibility of developping a new product. To be able to reach the attention of the population, this education needs to be done <b>in accordance with cultural approaches and will introduce environment preservation</b>. For example currently, theatrical representations are done to easily explain hygiene gestures to the african population. This education needs to be <b>understandable by everyone, whatever their country, education or language...</b> it has to be universal. On the other hand, the NGO participating in the device distribution need to be included in the elaboration of the educational supports since they will be in the foreground of this education. As a result of this matrice, it was decided to create a first draft of a <b>user manual</b>. It will evolve with the advices of NGOs and the consultation of local population to best fit their needs. To ensure an easy and fair access to this education support, it is necessary to always combine it if the device and make it <b>available anywhere it is used</b>.  
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Spreading of the GMMs</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        GMMs must <b>not be spread in the environment</b>. The compartment containing them must be impact- and break-resistant. People need to be aware that GMMs should not be disseminated in the environment.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Human toxicity of the AMPs</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        AMPs will be produced and released in water with the aim of wiping out <i>V. cholerae</i>. The amount of AMP remaining in water should <b>not be toxic to humans</b>. Experimentations must be done to know the quantity of AMPs in the water supposed to be drunk and especially their effects on epithelial cells (esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.).
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Limiting media leaks</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The proportion of nutrients should be correctly calculated so that they are all consumed during the lifetime of GMMs. An excess of nutrients in the compartment could then diffuse into the water and cause the emergence of new microorganisms.
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 +
    </section>
  
−
      <h3>Environmental</h3>
+
    <section>
−
       <h4>Waste management of the GMMs</h4>
+
       <h1>5- Distribution</h1>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         As GMMs are used in this system, it is essential to think about their waste management. After the use of the GMMs for the detection of <i>V. cholerae</i> and the purification of water, they must be killed before throwing them away. The questions are: <b>how to kill them and where to dump the GMMs?</b>
+
         The distribution process was thought as a step carried by NGOs as they are the closest intervenant to the populations at risk and over the years they have established a trusting relationship with them. A key feature of this step is that these <b>NGOs must have the freedom to re-evaluate the distribution pattern</b>, as it must <b>not disturb their routine activities</b> and as they are in the best position to know the real needs of populations. On the other hand it is essential to ensure that the distribution process is <b>helping populations in need, fairly and in a non-discriminatory way</b>. For that the multiple stakeholders need to have of review on the distribution process and in that case NGO can no longer carry the distribution by themselves, other instances need to be able to replace them. This distribution can be re-evaluated regularly by demand of any of the stakeholders. For the future the ideal situation would be for the populations to <b>self-manage the repartition of the product</b>. In the meantime we have to make sure that the <b>distribution pattern does not create long term inequalities between populations</b>.
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Recyclable plastic</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        In order to have an eco-friendly approach, the plastic used for the device must be recyclable.
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 +
    </section>
  
−
      <h3>Material</h3>
+
    <section>
−
       <h4>GMMs storage</h4>
+
       <h1>6 - Containment</h1>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         GMMs (<i>V. harveyi</i> and <i>P. pastoris</i>) must be <b>confined in the same compartment</b> because they need to interact with each other. The microorganisms must be kept in this compartment. If they are freeze-dried, the water to be treated must be able to rehydrate the microorganisms. Therefore, water must be able to enter into the compartment.
+
         Containment is a key element of our project and more generally in a lot of synthetic biology project. As these projects rely on modifying microorganisms, they also have to ensure the safety of the environment by not introducing non natural organisms in the wild. For that purpose, <b>containment needs to be a priority at each step of the life cycle of the product</b>. It is thus a <b>responsiblity for many stakeholders in the process</b>. Leakage of the container would result in spoilage of the surrounding area, possibly leading to an imbalance in its microbiota. A leakage in the drinking water would also lead to the contamination of the drinker, situation for which significative researches need to be carried. In more concrete terms, each stakeholder needs to verify the containment of the product. the iGEM team during production and sale, the NGOs during storage and distribution and local supervisors need to be appointed to manage storage and use. This containment constraint also needs to be managed during explainations of the system to the populations, they have to understand the importance of it. Therefore in the instruction manual considered, <b>information concerning the verification of containment and emergency behavior to adopt in case of problem need to be clearly stated</b>. The majority of the <b>challenges concerning containment are still being adressed</b> because it is not acceptable to do a rush job on them. Moreover, since the global system was not obtain in the laboratory in the time of the project, final tests were not carried and are still to be done.      
−
      </p>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        To sum up, the compartment containing the microorganisms must hold them back but also, allow exchanges of CAI-1 molecules, AMPs and water between the two compartments of the device.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Easy to use</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        In developing countries, war-torn countries or those affected by natural disasters, people <b>cannot possess a complex device</b> from both a scientific and technical point of view.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Transportable</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The device must be <b>easy to transport</b> in order to reach the populations of remote villages or in conditions of natural disaster and armed conflict.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Treatment speed</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The treatment <b>speed</b> must be reasonable compared to the volume of treated water.  
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Water treatment capacity</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The water treatment <b>capacity</b> must be adapted to the device function and to the capacity of the microorganisms to detect and treat the water. According to Alama Keita (UNICEF), our device must be able to purify around 11,025 L of water in a week for a village.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Strength</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The device has to be built with robust materials (refer to paragraph &ldquo;Spreading of the GMMs&rdquo;).
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <h4>Water taste</h4>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        Water treatment <b>must not modified its taste</b> so that the product can be easily accepted.
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 +
    </section>
  
−
       <h3>Economical</h3>
+
    <section>
 +
       <h1>7 - Utilisation</h1>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         The <b>price</b> must be adapted to similar options offered on the market.        
+
         As already stated in the education ethical matrix, in order for everyone to ba able to know the right way to use the device, a <b>user manual needs to be done</b>. The <b>main challenges of utilisation are technical and social but both are mutually dependent</b>. To have a system <b>user-friendly, trustworthy and acceptable</b> depends on the technical choices made. The first key element that needs to be emphasized is the user-friendliness, without this users will not use it and will not even want to try it. Acceptability comes after, if the population tries it, the first uses will determine if it will be accepted or not. Acceptability relies on not changing the habits of the users, meaning that the <b>utilisation should not interfere neither with any kind of professional activity, nor with their daily life routines</b>. The taste, color and odor of water needs to remain unchanged.Trustworthiness is dependent on the quality of our system and its result in its real-life utilisation, if the populations knows how to use it and accept it, they will <b>judge its trustworthiness on the long run</b>. If our system gives them good results and no one falls sick using it, its trustworthiness will gradually increase. We can also try improve this trustworthiness feeling by showing NGOs and local people of influence the scientific results to convince them of the efficiency of our device. They will then induce trust in the users. <b>Furthermore for now we do not have the benefice of hindsight and thus we need to conduct regular assesment of the social and technical balance between benefices and risks of the use of our device</b>. This continual evaluation needs to be done with the help of the NGOs and the population, reporting to us problems encountered. The kind of surveillance will allow us to coninually adapt the use of the device and correct potential flaws.  
−
      </p>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        Chloramine tablets are often used to treat water. In order to be competitive on the market, it is necessary to bring our price into line with our competitors. Therefore, to give us an order of magnitude, cost of chloramine tablets to treat the same volume of water as our product can be calculated.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The product &ldquo;Chloramine 60 Tablets from SANOFI AVENTIS BELGIUM&rdquo;<sup>6</sup> contains 60 tablets of chloramine and costs 3.69&euro;. According to the instructions, 1 to 4 tablets must be dissolved in 25L of water, depending on the water pollution degree. One tablet costs 3.69/60=0.0615&euro;. Thus, treating 25 L of water costs up to 246cts (4 tablets) and up to 9.84cts for 1L.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        To conclude, treating water with our system should not cost more than 10cts per L.
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 
     </section>
 
     </section>
  
−
     <section id="sc3">
+
     <section>
−
       <h1>Conclusion about the scope statement</h1>
+
       <h1>8 - Waste treatment</h1>
 
       <p>
 
       <p>
−
         To conclude, the system must be able to detect <i>V. cholerae</i> and release AMPs from a threshold concentration of pathogenic bacterium in water. The water treatment aspect thanks to AMPs is essential.
+
         We firstly imagined a simple waste treatment solution comprised of a <b>container</b> where people can throw the used device, the <b>NGOs were imagined as the responsibles for bringing and collecting these containers</b>. Considering the contamination risk this solution needs to be more elaborated and people need to know the right gestures to treat their waste, education needs to be done and as for the utilisation, a <b>user manual</b> needs to be done. Furthermore this treatment solution can not only rely on the NGOs, the population should be able to operate the waste treatment itself. The goal for the future being that the population can treat the waste completely <b>autonomously</b>. Speaking of waste treatment for our system we realised that we should also think about the treatment of other waste in these countries. It led us to the idea that if we want to have a great impact we have to take into account the current situation of waste treatment in the country targeted. For instance in Africa in spite of the efforts engaged in waste treatment there are still problems of transportation, storage and treatment1. We should thus think of a way to adress this situation at the same time as we imagine the waste treatment system for our device. This also applies if we want a fair access to the treatment solution, inequailities in waste treatment already exist and need to be adressed first if we want a fair access to the waste treatment of our device.  
−
      </p>
+
        </p>
−
      <p>
+
        <p style="font-family: 'Quicksand', sans-serif;"> 1. Bello IA, Ismail MNB, Kabbashi NA (2016) Solid Waste Management in Africa: A Review. Int J Waste Resour 6:216. doi: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000216 
−
        The device that we have to create must gather technical criteria from an environmental, safety, material and economic point of view that we have listed in the scope statement. These specifications were defined taking into account the advice we received from the people we met throughout our project.
+
−
      </p>
+
−
      <p>
+
−
        The design of the device will have to best fit these constraints to be <b>accepted by our potential future customers.</b>
+
 
       </p>
 
       </p>
 
     </section>
 
     </section>
 +
   
 +
  </div>
 +
</div>
  
−
    <section id="sc4">
 
−
      <h1>References</h1>
 
−
      <ol>
 
−
        <li>
 
−
          Baron, S. (Ed.). (1996). <i>Medical Microbiology</i> (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
 
−
        </li>
 
−
        <li>
 
−
          Nelson et al. (2009). <i>Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales.</i> Front Ecol Environ, 7(1): 4-11.         
 
−
        </li>
 
−
        <li>
 
−
          Pata, S., Yaraksa, N., Daduang, S., Temsiripong, Y., Svasti, J., Araki, T., &amp; Thammasirirak, S. (2011). <i>Characterization of the novel antibacterial peptide Leucrocin from crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) white blood cell extracts. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 35</i>(5), 545&ndash;553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2010.12.011
 
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          Prajanban, B.-O., Jangpromma, N., Araki, T., &amp; Klaynongsruang, S. (2017). <i>Antimicrobial effects of novel peptides cOT2 and sOT2 derived from Crocodylus siamensis and Pelodiscus sinensis ovotransferrins.</i> Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta<, <i>1859</i>(5), 860&ndash;869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.035
 
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          Yaraksa, N., Anunthawan, T., Theansungnoen, T., Daduang, S., Araki, T., Dhiravisit, A., &amp; Thammasirirak, S. (2014). <i>Design and synthesis of cationic antibacterial peptide based on Leucrocin I sequence, antibacterial peptide from crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) white blood cell extracts.</i> The Journal of Antibiotics, <i>67</i>(3), 205&ndash;212. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2013.114
 
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          <a href="http://www.newpharma.be/pharmacie/sanofi-aventis-belgium/980/chloramine-60-comprimes.html">Newpharma. <i>Chloramine 60 Comprimés de SANOFI AVENTIS BELGIUM.</i> </a>
 
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Revision as of 17:23, 25 October 2017


Croc'n Cholera
iGEM UPS-INSA Toulouse 2017

Integrated Human Practices

As a descriptive ethical matrix, its purpose is to highlight the decision process done by the team at every step of the project in the respect and integrity of stakeholders. During the conception of our device, three conditions are emphasized from the crossings between stakeholders and values (well-being, autonomy, fairness):

  • material conditions: taking into account the resources, to compensate their unequal repartition)
  • moral conditions: responsibility in design, responsibility of the intermediate actors )
  • cultural conditions: acceptability by users.

As a normative ethical matrix towards the members of the team, it is a way to compel our social responsibility in this project.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 - Brainstorming
2 - Production
3 - Education
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Technological and innovative challenge; responsible design Design choices; no ideological/financial constraints Respond to a worldwide problem
NGO
Users Inclusion in the conception process Transparency of design Improving everyday life
Environment Early risk management Respect of biodiversity Eco-friendly by design
Government Safe in accordance with public policies Transparency of design Social inclusion
WHO
Non stakeholders No long term negative impact Transparency of design No long term inequalities
Future generations No long term negative impact Discussion about synthetic biology No long term inequalities
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Quality control; respect of the specifications Choice of technical production solutions Respect of environment and labour in the production process
NGO Respect of their quality and traceability norms Collaboration; possibility of inspection
Users Quality and performance controls Fair production price
Environment Eco-friendly process; use a cluster structure to limit the transport between the factories (ie device production, Membrane production) Respect biodiversity; re-use exploitation facilities Durable production process; value protection of ecosystems as much as workers
Government Employement of workers in the production process Right of review Respect of the state legislation in terms work condition and GMO
WHO Right of review
Non stakeholders No impact on their quality of life
Future generations Constant optimization of the production process Review the production process when new technologies
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Acceptance of product by stakeholders No commercial constraints; freedom to offer product Fair evaluation of product by stakeholders
NGO Proven added value compared to existing solutions No lobbying; freedom of choice Fair price; homogeneity in price around the world
Users Product integrity at delivery Discussion about the product, inclusion in the NGO's choice Distribution to different NGOs in the world
Environment Easily transportable; reduction of transport pollution No disturbance of natural ecosystems No unnecessary transport
Government Right of review Financial help of governments towards the best existing solution
WHO Proven added value compared to existing solutions Right of review Distribution to different NGOs in the world
Non stakeholders
Future generations Evaluation of long term business plan, viability of the project Freedom to change for another solution Regular evaluation of selling price
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Responsiblity of explaination Elaboration of educational supports Right to expose the considered use of the device
NGO Able to transmit general messages along with the speciifc explanations of the device Participation in the elaboration of educational support; veto power about the message transmitted Even distribution of educational support
Users Useful key elements about cholera and use of the device: education done in accordance with cultural approches Education availbale at all time Equal access to education; comprehensible by everyone
Environment Education done about the respect of environment No contradictions with the preservation of the environment
Government Education integrated with the one already in place Veto power about the message transmitted No competition with education done by the government
WHO Supports also explain basic hygiene rules Inclusion in the elaboration of the user manual, to work together towards a better health Information about the existing structures to help the population
Non stakeholders Trustworthiness in the information given No right to deliver an information as general truth without debate
Future generations Long lasting information passed generation after generation Upgrading of educational supports No detrimental health information in the long run
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Ensure the disponibility of product; alternative distribution pattern Right of review Fair distribution according to the initial project
NGO Product integrity at delivery; no disturbance of routine activities Possibility of re-discussion of the collaboration; decision of distribution Responsability in the even distribution of the product
Users Product integrity at delivery; accessibility of product Discussion about the product; inclusion in the establishment of the distribution process Fair distribution; not discriminatory
Environment Easily transportable; reduction of transport pollution No disturbance of natural ecosystems No unnecessary transport
Government Right of review No countries excluded by the distribution
WHO Distribution to populations in need Right of review Fair distribution; not discriminatory
Water treatment firm No disturbance of daily life
Non stakeholders Distribution does not create long term inequalities between populations affected Autonomous gestion of the distribution without the help of NGOs Constant evalutation of the distribution pattern
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Scientific responsibility; global managing of containment respect Decision in the scientific solution kept to achieve containment Homogeneity of containment in production through time
NGO Care responsibility; evaluation of containment Right to review their collaboration if containment not satisfying Homogeneity of containment during storage and distribution
Users No danger in drinking the water No intervention needed; emergency infromation accessible Homogeneity of containment in the different distribution patterns
Environment No spoilage of surrounding water No disturbance of natural ecosystems No leak of containment, no destruction of natural organisms
Government No degradation of valuable natural ressources; no negative impact on population health Right of review Fair access to containment verifications information
WHO Respect of health recommendations in place Right of review Right of review
Non stakeholders No degradation of environment Right of review No negative impacts
Future generations No long lasting negative impacts Re-assessment of containment scientific solution No degradation of valuable natural ressources
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Efficiency, trustworthiness Right of review Use understandable by everyone
NGO Easy to set up; trustworthiness No need of external help to use it Care for everyone
Users Efficiency; trustworhtiness; acceptability = no change in customs (water taste, color.... Easy-to-use, no disturbance of professional activity Understandable by everyone
Environment Maintaining biodiversity; maintain heterogeneity of ecosystems Respect of natural ecosystems Non-human life valued as much as human lifes
Government No impact on the economical activities of its population; positive impact on the health of the population Right of review Adapted to the country at stake in terms of language, culture, traditions
WHO Impact on the worldwide cholera epidemics Right of review Right of review
Non stakeholders No interference with their quality of life No interference with their quality of life No interference with their quality of life
Future generations Adapt the utilisation to new scientific datas discovered Proceed to vigilance over time of possible secondary effects of the use of the device
Well-being Autonomy Fairness
iGEM team Care responsibility Right of review Waste treatment solution examined by authorities and NGOs
NGO Simple waste treatment procedure, integrable in existing procedures Not too much constraints, liberty to end the collaboration at anytime Not to be responsible for all the costs
Users Protection from risks No need of external help to discard used device; inclusion in the setting up of the procedure Equal access to this waste treatment; spatial and social repartition of the waste treatment
Environment Maintaining biodiversity; reducing transport of waste No disturbance of natural ecosystems Non-human life valued as much as human lifes; help with the treatment of other wastes
Government Integration in actual procedures Right of review No additional costs for treating the wastes
WHO Respecting health recomendations concerning GMO waste Right of review Right of review
Non stakeholders Not affecting the integrity of natural ressources in the process No interference with environment Solution for other wastes as well
Future generations Not affecting the integrity of the ressources in the process Autonomous and long term waste treatment solution Solution available if needed

Presentation of the stakeholders in the development of our technology

Actors: any person or group of people who can make a decision concerning the right way to act and who can have an impact on that decision. As actors, we also wanted to introduce non-humans, in our case the environment.

→ iGEM Team, environment, non stakeholders, future generation

Users: people who use a technology and who may formulate certain wishes or requirements for the functioning of a technology.

→ Users local, NGO

Regulators: organizations who formulate rules or regulations that engineered products have to meet. It can be norms concerning health and safety, but also guidelines linked to relations between competitors and fair trade.

→ NGO, government, WHO

Ref.: Van de Poel, I. and Royakkers L. (2011). Ethics, Technology and Engineering. An introduction.

Remains to be examined

Currently being examined

Already examined or inherently true

No control possible for now

1 - Brainstorming

This ethical matrix is the one describing the important points taken in consideration to choose the subject. As an iGEM team we wanted a technological and innovative challenge, to surpass ourselves. We also wanted to help resolve a concrete worldwide problem, having a positive impact on social and environmental aspects.

2- Production

The key element emerging from this ethical matrix is that our production process needs to be as eco-friendly as possible. Thus applying all the classical rules of production as follows: use a cluster structure to reduce the transport, re-use facilities, treat production waste properly, choose the most optimized solution for each step of the process, from plant heating to final packaging. As the technologies are evolving rapidly, is seems then obvious that all the decisions taken need to be re-assessed regularly to ensure that the processes in place are the more efficient ones in terms of resource comsumption and secondary products production. Another important point is the respect of the workers, we need to make sure that the health standards for working in the factories will be respected at all times during the production.

3- Sales

The total freedom of choice and transparency of our selling process is intrisinc to our apporach and pose no problem. For the future we have to work on communication around our product, to be sure that the stakeholders know what is it and can take an enlightened decision. These stakeholders will then also be included in the setting of commercial deals. Then to respond to most of the challenges of this matrice, a business plan and a SWOT analysis were carried. Currently, an evaluation of the final price of the product is carried to ensure its long term economic viability in comparison to existing systems offered to NGOs. Furthermore tests are done to ensure the added value of our product. A problem that still exists for this step is that for now we only contacted NGO doing actions in the African continent and thus thought our device to fit in their organisations. To further develop our product we need to ensure that we are not creating inequailities in the world, and making our device accessible et each place where cholera is a problem. For that we need to widen our contacts and think of adapting the selling process to different NGOs.

4 - Education

Here "education" describes the fact that with the distribution of a new product and the autonomous use of it, there is a minimum required education to do. Explaining to the local population the right way to use it is part of the responsibility of developping a new product. To be able to reach the attention of the population, this education needs to be done in accordance with cultural approaches and will introduce environment preservation. For example currently, theatrical representations are done to easily explain hygiene gestures to the african population. This education needs to be understandable by everyone, whatever their country, education or language... it has to be universal. On the other hand, the NGO participating in the device distribution need to be included in the elaboration of the educational supports since they will be in the foreground of this education. As a result of this matrice, it was decided to create a first draft of a user manual. It will evolve with the advices of NGOs and the consultation of local population to best fit their needs. To ensure an easy and fair access to this education support, it is necessary to always combine it if the device and make it available anywhere it is used.

5- Distribution

The distribution process was thought as a step carried by NGOs as they are the closest intervenant to the populations at risk and over the years they have established a trusting relationship with them. A key feature of this step is that these NGOs must have the freedom to re-evaluate the distribution pattern, as it must not disturb their routine activities and as they are in the best position to know the real needs of populations. On the other hand it is essential to ensure that the distribution process is helping populations in need, fairly and in a non-discriminatory way. For that the multiple stakeholders need to have of review on the distribution process and in that case NGO can no longer carry the distribution by themselves, other instances need to be able to replace them. This distribution can be re-evaluated regularly by demand of any of the stakeholders. For the future the ideal situation would be for the populations to self-manage the repartition of the product. In the meantime we have to make sure that the distribution pattern does not create long term inequalities between populations.

6 - Containment

Containment is a key element of our project and more generally in a lot of synthetic biology project. As these projects rely on modifying microorganisms, they also have to ensure the safety of the environment by not introducing non natural organisms in the wild. For that purpose, containment needs to be a priority at each step of the life cycle of the product. It is thus a responsiblity for many stakeholders in the process. Leakage of the container would result in spoilage of the surrounding area, possibly leading to an imbalance in its microbiota. A leakage in the drinking water would also lead to the contamination of the drinker, situation for which significative researches need to be carried. In more concrete terms, each stakeholder needs to verify the containment of the product. the iGEM team during production and sale, the NGOs during storage and distribution and local supervisors need to be appointed to manage storage and use. This containment constraint also needs to be managed during explainations of the system to the populations, they have to understand the importance of it. Therefore in the instruction manual considered, information concerning the verification of containment and emergency behavior to adopt in case of problem need to be clearly stated. The majority of the challenges concerning containment are still being adressed because it is not acceptable to do a rush job on them. Moreover, since the global system was not obtain in the laboratory in the time of the project, final tests were not carried and are still to be done.

7 - Utilisation

As already stated in the education ethical matrix, in order for everyone to ba able to know the right way to use the device, a user manual needs to be done. The main challenges of utilisation are technical and social but both are mutually dependent. To have a system user-friendly, trustworthy and acceptable depends on the technical choices made. The first key element that needs to be emphasized is the user-friendliness, without this users will not use it and will not even want to try it. Acceptability comes after, if the population tries it, the first uses will determine if it will be accepted or not. Acceptability relies on not changing the habits of the users, meaning that the utilisation should not interfere neither with any kind of professional activity, nor with their daily life routines. The taste, color and odor of water needs to remain unchanged.Trustworthiness is dependent on the quality of our system and its result in its real-life utilisation, if the populations knows how to use it and accept it, they will judge its trustworthiness on the long run. If our system gives them good results and no one falls sick using it, its trustworthiness will gradually increase. We can also try improve this trustworthiness feeling by showing NGOs and local people of influence the scientific results to convince them of the efficiency of our device. They will then induce trust in the users. Furthermore for now we do not have the benefice of hindsight and thus we need to conduct regular assesment of the social and technical balance between benefices and risks of the use of our device. This continual evaluation needs to be done with the help of the NGOs and the population, reporting to us problems encountered. The kind of surveillance will allow us to coninually adapt the use of the device and correct potential flaws.

8 - Waste treatment

We firstly imagined a simple waste treatment solution comprised of a container where people can throw the used device, the NGOs were imagined as the responsibles for bringing and collecting these containers. Considering the contamination risk this solution needs to be more elaborated and people need to know the right gestures to treat their waste, education needs to be done and as for the utilisation, a user manual needs to be done. Furthermore this treatment solution can not only rely on the NGOs, the population should be able to operate the waste treatment itself. The goal for the future being that the population can treat the waste completely autonomously. Speaking of waste treatment for our system we realised that we should also think about the treatment of other waste in these countries. It led us to the idea that if we want to have a great impact we have to take into account the current situation of waste treatment in the country targeted. For instance in Africa in spite of the efforts engaged in waste treatment there are still problems of transportation, storage and treatment1. We should thus think of a way to adress this situation at the same time as we imagine the waste treatment system for our device. This also applies if we want a fair access to the treatment solution, inequailities in waste treatment already exist and need to be adressed first if we want a fair access to the waste treatment of our device.

1. Bello IA, Ismail MNB, Kabbashi NA (2016) Solid Waste Management in Africa: A Review. Int J Waste Resour 6:216. doi: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000216