Team:Exeter/HP/Fieldtrips
Wheal Maid Field Trip
Our aim
It was important to us that the design of both our parts, and our filter, and the intended implementation for the project was a reflection of a real-world problem. This insight was largely given to us by the RRI framework, as it stressed the significance of society's role in science and it underlined the problem with innovating in an isolated manner. Motivated by our desire to base our science on our own data taken outside of the lab, we went on a field trip.
Wheal Maid forms part of the Consolidation Mine, part of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site. Wheal Maid was mined until the 1870s, and then became site for taking fine-grained mineral processing waste (tailings) from the mill facilities at the former Mount Wellington tin mine during the 1970s and 80s. The waste was taken to a valley infill at Wheal Maid consisting of two lagoons separated by three dams and contains approximately 220,000m3 of tailings. An investigation by the Environmental Agency to conduct an inspection into environmental quality, which took place in 2007, concluded that Wheal Maid is a contaminated site. It was also showed that the site is causing pollution of the St. Day Stream by leaching of arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, iron, lead, nickel and zinc through the toe of the lower lagoon. (Carrick District Council, 2008). For this reason we decided to conduct our primary field work at this site, collecting water samples from these lagoons.
Methods
In order conduct our data collection safely, we completed the appropriate risk forms - Field work risk assessment. We also used the following protocol, which was designed to enable efficient collection and filtration of the samples at the site before they were to be transported back and placed in a cold store for analysis - Field work protocol.
The field trip
On 14th July 2017 we arrived at Wheal Maid with a PhD student from the Cambourne School of Mines at the University of Exeter, miss Tomasa Sbaffi. She met us in order to help us with taking water samples due to her experience with the process and knowledge of the site. We sampled one of the lagoons and the pond shown in figure 2.
The water bodies were sampled by taking 1L of water from each of the 4 sites at the lagoon (A-D) and the pond (E-H) as labelled in figure 2.
We then filtered 150ml of each sample into three falcon tubes using yellow 100µm filter and then preceded to filter them further through a smaller 0.2µm filter. We treated the blanks containing Mili Q water as controls and processed them the same way as the samples. The pH of all of the samples was tested using litmus paper which all came out as ~pH 3. The samples were sealed in bags and transported back to Exeter to be placed in a cold room to await further analysis.
Results
Figure 3 was created using Vidana software to determine the percentage decrease in size of the lagoon and the pond since the Google Maps satellite photo was taken in January 2017. This could be due to a number of factors, such as seasonality, which is likely to concentrate the metal ions and pollutants in the water making the water more harmful to the environment during the summer months.
Analysis of samples
We prepared the samples and ran them on the ICP-OES machine in the Geography department at the University of Exeter.
Standard Operating Procedures for sample analysis using the ICP-OES
Risk assessment for diluting acids used in SOP
Risk assessment for handling metal ion standard solution used in SOP
Results
| pH | ||
|---|---|---|
| Site | Lagoon | Pond |
| N | 24 | 11 |
| Mean | 2.80 | 2.77 |
| Standard deviation | 0.155 | 0.180 |
| Standard error | 0.0317 | 0.0514 |
Table 1: pH of the lagoon and pond sites at Wheal Maid
Statistical test
An ANOVA (analysis of variance) was performed on the pH of the samples after storage from the different water bodies to see if there was a statistical difference between the two.
| Comparison | ANOVA p-value | Significant |
|---|---|---|
| Lagoon pH vs pond pH | 0.640 | No |
The ANOVA test (p=0.640) was not significant, therefore we can accept the null hypothesis that the there is no variation in the mean pH of the two sites as p>0.05. This means that these sites are of a similar pH and can be used as replicates when determining the metal ion composition or mine waste water, as they are so similar.
Metal ion composition ICP-OES results
Figure 10: Dissolved metal ion composition of samples taken from the Lagoon and Pond sites at Wheal Maid. Stars indicate which elements are found to have higher concentrations than the drinking water standards. (Defra, 2017) (Lenntech.com , 2017) (US EPA, 2015)
Discussion and Conclusion
Metals we have binding proteins for that are above drinking water standards
• Copper
o DM Pond
o TRM Lagoon 2 & pond
• Cobalt
no known standard
• Iron
o TRM Lagoon 2 & pond
• Magnesium
no known standard
• Nickel
o DM Lagoon 2 & pond
o TRM Lagoon 2 & pond
These results will be used to inform which metal binding proteins we can use in our constructs.
References
Carrick District Council, Record of Determination of Wheal Maid Tailings Lagoons (2008) Available at: https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/3625647/2008-09-16-Record-of-Determination.pdf [Accessed 7 August 2017]
Leung, H, Duzgoren-Aydin, N., Au, C., Krupanidhi, S., Fung, K., Cheung, K., Wong, Y., Peng, X., Ye, Z., Yung, K. and Tsui, M. (2016). Monitoring and assessment of heavy metal contamination in a constructed wetland in Shaoguan (Guangdong Province, China): bioaccumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in aquatic and terrestrial components. Environ Science and Pollution Research, 24, p. 9079–9088.
Screen shots of % cover credit: Hedkey, J. (2017). Vidana. Marine spatial ecology lab.
Screenshots of maps credit: Geoplaner.com. (2017). GPS Geoplaner online. [online] Available at: http://www.geoplaner.com/ [Accessed 07 Aug. 2017]
Defra (2017). Drinking water inspectorate. [ebook] London, pp.1-5. Available at: http://Dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflet/standards.pdf.
Lenntech.com. (2017). WHO's drinking water standards. [online] Available at: http://www.lenntech.com/applications/drinking/standards/who-s-drinking-water-standards.htm [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017].
US EPA. (2015). National Primary Drinking Water Regulations | US EPA. [online] Available at: HTTPS://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017].
