Difference between revisions of "Team:ETH Zurich/Background"

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<div class="contents">
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<main>
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    <section class="toc">
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        <h1>TOC</h1>
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    </section>
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    <section class="main-content">
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        <div class="headline">
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            <h1>Background</h1>
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        </div>
 +
        <section>
 +
            <p>There are numerous approaches to treating cancer and in general, they can
 +
            be divided into two main groups ---local and systemic treatment options. Local
 +
            treatment options include surgery and radiation therapy, while systemic
 +
            options refer to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy [1].
 +
            Typically, the patient will receive a combination of different treatments
 +
            extended over several weeks to months. To find out more about each of these
 +
            treatments, please click on the buttons below.</p>
  
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<h2>BACKGROUND</h2>
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            <section>
 +
                <!-- TODO Port the style to CSS -->
 +
                <!-- TODO Style pros and cons properly -->
 +
                <details style="background-color:pink;">
 +
                    <summary style="background-color:orange;">Surgery</summary>
 +
                    <p>Surgery is a local treatment modality that includes removal of the visible
 +
                    tumorous tissue along with a margin of healthy tissue of a variable size.</p>
  
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<div class="row">
+
                    <p>+ usually a one time procedure, well established, great for isolated solid
−
There are numerous approaches to treating cancer and in general, they can be divided into two main groups - local and systemic treatment options. Local treatment options include surgery and radiation therapy, while systemic options refer to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy [1]. Typically, the patient will receive a combination of different treatments extended over several weeks to months. To find out more about each of these treatments, please click on the buttons below.
+
                    tumors</p>
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</div>
+
                    <p> - locally invasive and damaging, can be contraindicated in patients with
 +
                    comorbidities (e.g. older patients with cardiovascular diseases might be
 +
                    unable to undergo anesthesia), not available for all sites, not suitable for
 +
                    curing a metastatic disease, can&#39;t guarantee the removal of invisible
 +
                    &quot;micrometastases&quot; in the vicinity of the primary tumor site, can be difficult to
 +
                    repeat after the initial procedure fails</p>
 +
                </details>
 +
            </section>
 +
            <section>
 +
                <!-- TODO Port the style to CSS -->
 +
                <!-- TODO Style pros and cons properly -->
 +
                <!-- NOTE Maybe format pros and cons as bullet lists -->
 +
                <details style="background-color:pink;">
 +
                    <summary style="background-color:orange;">Radiotherapy</summary>
 +
                        <p>Radiotherapy includes using ionizing radiation to cause lethal mutations in
 +
                        cancer cells. It relies on the fact that normal tissue repairs damage faster and
 +
                        more efficiently than cancerous tissue.</p>
  
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<!--<div class="panel-group">
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                        <p>+ not locally invasive, includes a large safety margin to ensure destruction of micrometastatic spreading</p>
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    <div class="panel panel-default">
+
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      <div class="panel-heading">
+
−
        <h4 class="panel-title">
+
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          <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse1">Surgery</a>
+
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        </h4>
+
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      </div>
+
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      <div id="collapse1" class="panel-collapse collapse">
+
−
        <div class="panel-body">
+
−
Surgery is a local treatment modality that includes removal of the visible tumorous tissue along with a margin of healthy tissue of a variable size.
+
  
−
+ usually a one time procedure, well established, great for isolated solid tumors
+
                        <p>- conventional regimen takes several weeks to complete, normal tissue
−
- locally invasive and damaging, can be contraindicated in patients with comorbidities (e.g. older patients with cardiovascular diseases might be unable to undergo anesthesia), not available for all sites, not suitable for curing a metastatic disease, can't guarantee the removal of invisible "micrometastases" in the vicinity of the primary tumor site, can be difficult to repeat after the initial procedure fails
+
                        between the skin and the tumor is always affected, long-term mutagenic and
 +
                        carcinogenic effects (that are stochastic and therefore do no depend on the
 +
                        dose), short-term acute damages</p>
 +
                    </details>
 +
            </section>
 +
            <section>
 +
                <!-- TODO Port the style to CSS -->
 +
                <!-- TODO Style pros and cons properly -->
 +
                <!-- NOTE Maybe format pros and cons as bullet lists -->
 +
                <details style="background-color:pink;">
 +
                    <summary style="background-color:orange;">Chemotherapy</summary>
 +
                        <p>Chemotherapy is treatment of cancer with conventional anti-cancer drugs.
 +
                        Typically, these are not specifically targeted, but tend to inflict more severe
 +
                        damage to rapidly-dividing cells.</p>
  
−
        </div>
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                        <p>+ systemic treatment that can destroy all cancer cells in the body, cheap</p>
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        <div class="panel-footer">Panel Footer</div>
+
−
      </div>
+
−
    </div>
+
−
  </div>-->
+
  
−
<div class="row">
+
                        <p>- dose and therefore efficiency of killing limited by severe systemic side
−
Some of the therapeutic options mentioned above are well established and have been used for decades, while others represent pioneering treatments developed thanks to advances in biological engineering. However, as seen from the list of pros and cons, no strategy is perfect. Therefore, complete removal of cancer without inflicting damage on the healthy tissue remains a challenge [2].  
+
                        effects due to lack of targeting, usually involves several treatments extended
−
</div>
+
                        over weeks or months</p>
 +
                    </details>
 +
            </section>
 +
            <section>
 +
                <!-- TODO Port the style to CSS -->
 +
                <!-- TODO Style pros and cons properly -->
 +
                <!-- NOTE Maybe format pros and cons as bullet lists -->
 +
                <details style="background-color:pink;">
 +
                    <summary style="background-color:orange;">Targeted Therapy</summary>
 +
                        <p>Targeted therapy involves a group of drugs that are more specific than typical
 +
                        chemotherapeutics. It includes small molecules and monoclonal antibodies
 +
                        that target and interfere with specific pathways or antigens, ideally expressed
 +
                        only in tumors and not in healthy tissue.</p>
  
−
<div class="row">
+
                        <p>+ in theory, only damaging to the tumor and not the healthy tissue</p>
−
To tackle this problem, we decided to look beyond these classical approaches and from the point of view of a synthetic biologist. Our search led us to the concept of bacterial cell therapy - a strategy for treating cancer that actually dates back to the beginning of the 20th century but has since changed significantly. In the beginnings, different species of unmodified bacteria were given intravenously to cancer patients and were shown to accumulate preferentially in the tumorous tissue. This attractive inherent feature has been investigated since and is thought to be due to a combination of mechanisms, including entrapment of bacteria in the chaotic vasculature of the tumor, production of chemotactic agents in the tumor microenvironment and protection from the immune system that the microenvironment, as an immuno-privileged site, offers.
+
                        <p>- can be expensive, requires a specific, ideal target that very few types of
−
</div>  
+
                        cancer offer, at least according to the current knowledge, systemic side
−
+
                        effects possible</p>
−
<div class="row">
+
                    </details>
−
Although native cytotoxicity of the bacteria was shown to inhibit tumor growth, simply administering unchanged bacteria intravenously has been connected to severe side effects. To overcome this, engineering efforts have been made and different modifications have been implemented and are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, full potential of bacteria as an anti-cancer agent has not yet been fulfilled [3].  
+
            </section>
−
</div>  
+
            <section>
 +
                <!-- TODO Port the style to CSS -->
 +
                <!-- TODO Style pros and cons properly -->
 +
                <!-- NOTE Maybe format pros and cons as bullet lists -->
 +
                <details style="background-color:pink;">
 +
                    <summary style="background-color:orange;">Immunotherapy</summary>
 +
                        <p>Immunotherapy is one of the most recent approaches to treating cancer and
 +
                        involves using the patient's own immune system to fight the tumor. At the
 +
                        moment, CAR-T cells seem to be emerging as the most promising candidates
 +
                        from this group.</p>
  
−
<div class="row">
+
                        <p>+ tailored to an individual, potentially offering long lasting protection against
−
To find out how we envisioned to take advantage of what bacterial cancer therapy potentially offers, go to our project description (LINK).
+
                        the cancer, autologous (patient-derived) cells and therefore not immunogenic,
−
</div>  
+
                        specific for the cancer and can avoid normal tissue</p>
  
−
<div class="row">
+
                        <p>- unpredictable systemic side effects seen in clinical trials, specific
−
[1] "Types of cancer treatment." cancer.gov. National Cancer Institute, 6 Apr. 2017. Web. 30 May 2017.
+
                        targets/antigens still need to be found for every type of tumor, especially for
−
</div>  
+
                        solid tumors, expensive</p>
−
<div class="row">
+
                    </details>
−
[2] Miller, Kimberly D., et al. "Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016." CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 66.4 (2016): 271-289.
+
            </section>
−
</div>  
+
        </section>
−
<div class="row">
+
        <section>
−
[3] Forbes, Neil S. "Engineering the perfect (bacterial) cancer therapy." Nature reviews. Cancer 10.11 (2010): 785.
+
            <p>Some of the therapeutic options mentioned above are well established and
−
</div>  
+
            have been used for decades, while others represent pioneering treatments
 +
            developed thanks to advances in biological engineering. However, as seen
 +
            from the list of pros and cons, no strategy is perfect. Therefore, complete
 +
            removal of cancer without inflicting damage on the healthy tissue remains a
 +
            challenge [2].</p>
  
 +
            <p>To tackle this problem, we decided to look beyond these classical approaches
 +
            and from the point of view of a synthetic biologist. Our search led us to the
 +
            concept of bacterial cell therapy - a strategy for treating cancer that actually
 +
            dates back to the beginning of the 20th century but has since changed
 +
            significantly. In the beginnings, different species of unmodified bacteria were
 +
            given intravenously to cancer patients and were shown to accumulate
 +
            preferentially in the tumorous tissue. This attractive inherent feature has been
 +
            investigated since and is thought to be due to a combination of mechanisms,
 +
            including entrapment of bacteria in the chaotic vasculature of the tumor,
 +
            production of chemotactic agents in the tumor microenvironment and
 +
            protection from the immune system that the microenvironment, as an
 +
            immuno-privileged site, offers.</p>
 +
 +
            <p>Although native cytotoxicity of the bacteria was shown to inhibit tumor growth,
 +
            simply administering unchanged bacteria intravenously has been connected
 +
            to severe side effects. To overcome this, engineering efforts have been made
 +
            and different modifications have been implemented and are currently being
 +
            tested in clinical trials. However, full potential of bacteria as an anti-cancer
 +
            agent has not yet been fulfilled [3].</p>
 +
 +
            <p>To find out how we envisioned to take advantage of what bacterial cancer
 +
            therapy potentially offers, go to our project description (LINK).</p>
 +
 +
        <section>
 +
            <h1>References</h1>
 +
            <ol>
 +
                <li><cite>Types of cancer treatment.</cite> cancer.gov. National Cancer Institute, 6 Apr. 2017. Web. 30 May 2017.</li>
 +
                <li>Miller, Kimberly D., et al. <cite>Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics</cite>, 2016. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 66.4 (2016): 271-289.</li>
 +
                <li>Forbes, Neil S. <cite>Engineering the perfect (bacterial) cancer therapy.</cite> Nature reviews. Cancer 10.11 (2010): 785.
 +
            </ol>
 +
        </section>
 +
    </section>
 +
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Revision as of 17:42, 16 September 2017

TOC

Background

There are numerous approaches to treating cancer and in general, they can be divided into two main groups ---local and systemic treatment options. Local treatment options include surgery and radiation therapy, while systemic options refer to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy [1]. Typically, the patient will receive a combination of different treatments extended over several weeks to months. To find out more about each of these treatments, please click on the buttons below.

Surgery

Surgery is a local treatment modality that includes removal of the visible tumorous tissue along with a margin of healthy tissue of a variable size.

+ usually a one time procedure, well established, great for isolated solid tumors

- locally invasive and damaging, can be contraindicated in patients with comorbidities (e.g. older patients with cardiovascular diseases might be unable to undergo anesthesia), not available for all sites, not suitable for curing a metastatic disease, can't guarantee the removal of invisible "micrometastases" in the vicinity of the primary tumor site, can be difficult to repeat after the initial procedure fails

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy includes using ionizing radiation to cause lethal mutations in cancer cells. It relies on the fact that normal tissue repairs damage faster and more efficiently than cancerous tissue.

+ not locally invasive, includes a large safety margin to ensure destruction of micrometastatic spreading

- conventional regimen takes several weeks to complete, normal tissue between the skin and the tumor is always affected, long-term mutagenic and carcinogenic effects (that are stochastic and therefore do no depend on the dose), short-term acute damages

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is treatment of cancer with conventional anti-cancer drugs. Typically, these are not specifically targeted, but tend to inflict more severe damage to rapidly-dividing cells.

+ systemic treatment that can destroy all cancer cells in the body, cheap

- dose and therefore efficiency of killing limited by severe systemic side effects due to lack of targeting, usually involves several treatments extended over weeks or months

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy involves a group of drugs that are more specific than typical chemotherapeutics. It includes small molecules and monoclonal antibodies that target and interfere with specific pathways or antigens, ideally expressed only in tumors and not in healthy tissue.

+ in theory, only damaging to the tumor and not the healthy tissue

- can be expensive, requires a specific, ideal target that very few types of cancer offer, at least according to the current knowledge, systemic side effects possible

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is one of the most recent approaches to treating cancer and involves using the patient's own immune system to fight the tumor. At the moment, CAR-T cells seem to be emerging as the most promising candidates from this group.

+ tailored to an individual, potentially offering long lasting protection against the cancer, autologous (patient-derived) cells and therefore not immunogenic, specific for the cancer and can avoid normal tissue

- unpredictable systemic side effects seen in clinical trials, specific targets/antigens still need to be found for every type of tumor, especially for solid tumors, expensive

Some of the therapeutic options mentioned above are well established and have been used for decades, while others represent pioneering treatments developed thanks to advances in biological engineering. However, as seen from the list of pros and cons, no strategy is perfect. Therefore, complete removal of cancer without inflicting damage on the healthy tissue remains a challenge [2].

To tackle this problem, we decided to look beyond these classical approaches and from the point of view of a synthetic biologist. Our search led us to the concept of bacterial cell therapy - a strategy for treating cancer that actually dates back to the beginning of the 20th century but has since changed significantly. In the beginnings, different species of unmodified bacteria were given intravenously to cancer patients and were shown to accumulate preferentially in the tumorous tissue. This attractive inherent feature has been investigated since and is thought to be due to a combination of mechanisms, including entrapment of bacteria in the chaotic vasculature of the tumor, production of chemotactic agents in the tumor microenvironment and protection from the immune system that the microenvironment, as an immuno-privileged site, offers.

Although native cytotoxicity of the bacteria was shown to inhibit tumor growth, simply administering unchanged bacteria intravenously has been connected to severe side effects. To overcome this, engineering efforts have been made and different modifications have been implemented and are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, full potential of bacteria as an anti-cancer agent has not yet been fulfilled [3].

To find out how we envisioned to take advantage of what bacterial cancer therapy potentially offers, go to our project description (LINK).

References

  1. Types of cancer treatment. cancer.gov. National Cancer Institute, 6 Apr. 2017. Web. 30 May 2017.
  2. Miller, Kimberly D., et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 66.4 (2016): 271-289.
  3. Forbes, Neil S. Engineering the perfect (bacterial) cancer therapy. Nature reviews. Cancer 10.11 (2010): 785.