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| − | <h1>Device</h1> </div>
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| + | <h1>Device</h1> </div> |
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| − | <a data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#accordion" href="#E1" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="E1">
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| − | Risk Perception: What is safety and how important is it?
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| + | <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. |
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| − | <p>What is safety? In our case, safety is the condition of a technology that makes the user, the environment or any other individual free from any risk of being harmed. But how can one determine how safe a technology is? In other words, how can one determine the risk associated with a technology? There are two different approaches: </p>
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| − | <p>On one hand, we can use a risk analysis, which studies the known risks and their probability under specific circumstances. An example of this approach is the identification of minimal lethal doses (LD<sub>50</sub>) for chemical compounds used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. On the other hand, we have the risk perception which considers a subjective approach, based on the perception of the individuals and the factors affecting this perception. Risk analysis and risk perceptions are related but show two different aspects of risk: objectivity versus subjectivity, respectively. Another way to observe these two concepts is to consider that the risk created by a technology can be dissected into two components: hazard and outrage. The hazard is the known danger and is measured through risk analysis, whereas the outrage is the reaction of the society, mainly driven by the risk perception. </p>
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| − | <p>Another question that we can ask is: How safe must a technology be in order to be used? To answer this question, we need to consider the benefit that the technology offers, in addition the risk it poses. A population will consider using a technology after making their judgement. This judgement is based on a comparison between the benefits offered and the risks posed by the technology. The battle between risk and benefit is reflected in the laws through acceptability limits. Therefore, a technology does not have to be completely free of risk for it to be used by the population, but it has to be acceptably safe. The same way as risk perception has an important subjective part, benefit perception is also under the perception of individuals, and as a consequence affected by different subjective factors. An example of the battle between benefit and risk perception we can consider cars. Although they are a dangerous technology which takes many lives in traffic accidents and can be used as a weapon in terrorist attacks, the benefit of an autonomous and fast means of transport makes the population accept the technology even with its risks considered. </p>
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| − | <p>There are many factors affecting risk perception which have been discussed to have great effect (A summary of factors affecting our device is depicted in Figure 1). However, we are still not sure if risk perception is mainly due to social factors, personal factors or technological factors. In our opinion, there are two factors which are important to consider, and those are related to each other. Moral acceptability and the attitude towards the technology link directly the subjective of perception of the technology and not only the perception of the risk itself. The differences in the moral acceptability and the attitude among populations also show an important detail: People have different perceptions of reality. This is an important consideration, as the risk measured in risk analysis is considered to be the "real" risk by the scientific community. The clash of reality perceptions could be observed in the battle against the Ebola breakout: while the health authorities insisted that the corpses had to be burned, the local families saw this as an offense to their gods, which would cause the deceased to not be able to reach the life after death. Consequently, distrust was generated against the health authorities which made control of the disease more difficult. It is important to keep in mind that for the local families, the risk of not seeing their loved ones in the afterlife was more important than the risk of getting infected. So we can conclude that talking about real risk can be misleading when debating with the public. Instead, analysis of all the known risks that can be anticipated could be a better alternative. Of course, there are unknown risks for a certain technology, which cannot be analysed or measured. These have two main sources: risks that arise from intentional use of the technology for harmful purposes and risks that arise from unexpected accidents or secondary effects. </p>
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| − | <p>Risk perception affects our life through laws, based on the acceptability limits for risks. In a democratic society there are three different sectors affecting the legal boundaries for technology. These sectors have different roles: The first sector, the general population, will have its own subjective risk perception. This perception will not always be the same as the experts' opinion, caused by several reasons. On one hand, we have legitimate reasons, for example the unexpected consequences not considered by the experts. This reason is legitimate because the risk analysis performed by the experts is reductionist, as they do not have improbable risks in mind. On the other hand, we will have illegitimate reasons that are based on wrong conceptions. For example, some individuals in the population that believe that the gluten protein is not good for health even if they do not suffer from Celiac Disease.</p>
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| − | <p>The second human sector are the scientists and experts. They will inform the population and the politicians about the risk analysis, and they will try to correct the wrong conceptions from the general population. Third and last are the politicians, who will make decisions and define a legal limit for the technology. These decisions might be influenced by their own perception, the perception of the population, the feelings and emotions of the population, the advice from experts, economical pressure, religious pressure, corruption... Of course not all of these influences are ethical, but their influence is undeniable in most countries. We can only hope that we evolve into a society where decisions are made through an open public discussion among all the parties involved, where only the legitimate reasons will affect the outcome.</p>
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| | + | Brainstorming and initial designs |
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| | + | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. |
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