Team:Bielefeld-CeBiTec/Composite Part
Composite Parts
Short Summary
For the application of our best composite part, we decided to nominate our reporter signal enhancing system BBa_K2201373. This part contains a T3 RNA Polymerase with an inverted mRFP under T3 RNA polymerase control for the enhancing of reporter signals. It is an improved reporter and a genetic circuit that could report even weak expression levels. This part was designed based on the model of an amplifier in electrical engineering to intensify an existing input signal and could be used in a broad range of synthetic biology applications. We used this part for our selection system for the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids and demonstrate the advantages of this system in comparison with standard reporter in an integrated modelling and characterizations.Usage and Biology
The T3 RNA polymerase is highly specific to T3 promoters and orthogonal to the T7 RNA polymerase. Therefore, it can be widely utilized in synthetic biology, even in expression strains which encode for a T7 RNA polymerase like E. coli BL21. This orthogonality is due to the promoter specifity of the different polymerases (Davis et al., 1971; McGraw et al., 1985).
We applied this system to enhance a reporter in genetic circuits to make even weak gene expression visible.
At the moment, fluorescent proteins with an emission wavelength within the visible spectra are used to report expression of the gene of interest. Therefore, the CDS of the fluorescent protein was placed downstream of the CDS of the target protein without a terminator or promoter in between. The expression level of the target protein is nearly the same as the expression of the fluorescent protein. The fluorescence of the reporter protein indicates if the gene of interest was translated. However, thissystem is limited to strong expression, which generate a sufficienly strong fluorescence signal.
Several applications involve only a weak expression. For our project, we needed a reliable and sensitive reporter to detect the expression of the gene of interest on a selection plasmid. A low expression in this target gene is essential for the selection system. No fluorescence was detectable, when the CDS of mRFP was placed downstream of the gene of interest. Through the function of the gene of interest, we knew it was expressed. To address this reporter challenge we built a genetic circuit following the model of an amplifier used in electrical engineering.
Basic amplifiers were previously submitted to the Registry of biological parts e. g. by iGEM Cambridge 2009. They build a simple circuit using an activator, which increased the transcription of a reporter under control of a second promoter. To explain their system they used the term "Polymerases per second" (PoPs). This unit defined as the flow of RNA polymerase molecules over a promoter region per second. The system developed by Cambridge 2009 (Figure 1) could increase the number of PoPs.
At the moment, fluorescent proteins with an emission wavelength within the visible spectra are used to report expression of the gene of interest. Therefore, the CDS of the fluorescent protein was placed downstream of the CDS of the target protein without a terminator or promoter in between. The expression level of the target protein is nearly the same as the expression of the fluorescent protein. The fluorescence of the reporter protein indicates if the gene of interest was translated. However, thissystem is limited to strong expression, which generate a sufficienly strong fluorescence signal.
Several applications involve only a weak expression. For our project, we needed a reliable and sensitive reporter to detect the expression of the gene of interest on a selection plasmid. A low expression in this target gene is essential for the selection system. No fluorescence was detectable, when the CDS of mRFP was placed downstream of the gene of interest. Through the function of the gene of interest, we knew it was expressed. To address this reporter challenge we built a genetic circuit following the model of an amplifier used in electrical engineering.
Basic amplifiers were previously submitted to the Registry of biological parts e. g. by iGEM Cambridge 2009. They build a simple circuit using an activator, which increased the transcription of a reporter under control of a second promoter. To explain their system they used the term "Polymerases per second" (PoPs). This unit defined as the flow of RNA polymerase molecules over a promoter region per second. The system developed by Cambridge 2009 (Figure 1) could increase the number of PoPs.
Figure 1: Signal strenthening system of iGEM Cambridge 2009.
To improve this system we decided to use an activator, which translates the reporter DNA and does only induce the translation of the polymerase which then translates the gene of interest. Amplification was achieved by an RNA polymerase, which transcribes the reporter DNA, multiple times and enhances the signal significantly.
Functional Parameters
To design a genetic circuit that amplifiers a reporter signal we decided to use an RNA polymerase, orthogonal to the native E. coli RNA polymerase. Therefore, the T3 RNA polymerase previously characterized by iGEM Peking 2010 was deployed. The T3 RNA polymerase is highly specific to T3 promoters and orthogonal to the E. coli DNA polymerases and even to the T7 RNA polymerase. We decided not to use the T7 RNA polymerase, because it is already part of expression strains like BL21 and would therefore prevent the application in such strains. The construction of our designed composite part comprising a standard mRFP reporter is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Construction of the standard mRFP reporter and the genetic circuit for the amplification of mRFP expression(BBa_K2201373). In construct 1 the CDS fot the mRFP transcript is downstream the CDS of the gene of interest. In construct 2 the CDS of the mRFP is downstream a T3 promoter and the CDS coding for the T3 RNA polymerase is downstream the CDS of the gene of interest.
Figure 2 shows two reporter constructs for gene expression quantification. The first one is the standard reporter for the gene expression of the target gene, using mRFP as reporter gene. If the gene of interest is expressed, the mRFP is expressed at nearly the same level. The mRFP fluorescence reveals the gene expression of the gene of interest. This system is suitable for but also limited to high expression rates. Low, expression of the target gene is associated with a low expression of mRFP and thus not visible.
The second system is our genetic circuit consisting of a CDS of the target gene upstream of the CDS for a T3 DNA polymerase encoding sequence. Therefore, the expression of the reporter gene is nearly on the same level as the expression of the target gene. The expressed T3 RNA polymerase transcripts the mRFP under the control of the T3 promoter. To demonstrate the advantages of our improved construct, we modelled the amount of mRFP transcript for both constructs. If we assume the expression of the gene of interest is low and only one E. coli RNA polymerase with a chain elongation rate of 50 nucleotides per second translates the both products, construct 1 produces 1 mRFP transcript in 16 seconds. Construct 2 expresses 1 T3 RNA polymerase transcript every 52 seconds. After translation (with an averange translation rate of 20 amino acids per second ~42 sec), these polymerases transcribe the mRFP transcript with a chain elongation rate of 170 nucleotides per second. Therefore, every T3 RNA polymerase generates one mRFP transcript every 4.7 seconds. The resulting amount of mRFP transcripts is shown in Figure 3. The script for our modelling can be found here.
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The second system is our genetic circuit consisting of a CDS of the target gene upstream of the CDS for a T3 DNA polymerase encoding sequence. Therefore, the expression of the reporter gene is nearly on the same level as the expression of the target gene. The expressed T3 RNA polymerase transcripts the mRFP under the control of the T3 promoter. To demonstrate the advantages of our improved construct, we modelled the amount of mRFP transcript for both constructs. If we assume the expression of the gene of interest is low and only one E. coli RNA polymerase with a chain elongation rate of 50 nucleotides per second translates the both products, construct 1 produces 1 mRFP transcript in 16 seconds. Construct 2 expresses 1 T3 RNA polymerase transcript every 52 seconds. After translation (with an averange translation rate of 20 amino acids per second ~42 sec), these polymerases transcribe the mRFP transcript with a chain elongation rate of 170 nucleotides per second. Therefore, every T3 RNA polymerase generates one mRFP transcript every 4.7 seconds. The resulting amount of mRFP transcripts is shown in Figure 3. The script for our modelling can be found here.
Figure 3:Modelling on the amount of mRFP transcript transcribed through the two different models. In model 1 the CDS fot the mRFP transcript is downstream the CDS of the gene of interest. In model 2 the CDS of the mRFP is downstream a T3 promoter and the CDS coding for the T3 RNA polymerase is downstream the CDS of the gene of interest.
The number of mRFP transcripts is a lot higher with construct 2 and this model leaves out the fact that one transcript of the T3 RNA polymerase transcript could be translated severel times and enhance the signal even more. Despite this model is simplified, it shows the advantages of using the T3 RNA polymerase for signal enhancing.
Figure 4: Two Smear of two clones containing only mRFP under an uninduced T7 promoter (-) and containing the mRFP enhancing system under the same promotor (+), after 12 h of incubation at 37 °C.
To demonstrate the signal enahancing system we cloned the part E1010 and our signal enhancing system (BBa_K2201373) downstream of the part BBa_K2201900. This plasmid was characterized in cells containing our positive selection plasmid. A smear of the transformants is shown in Figure 4. This promoter leads only to a basal transcription. Despite this weak transcription, the expressed mRFP of the signal enhancing system is clearly visible, while the fluorescence of the mRFP in cells without this amplification system is not visible.
Figure 5: Picture of a negative selection round. The clone still containing the positive selection plasmid, thus the mRFP enhancing system, is red.
For the selection of tRNA/aminoacylsynthetase to incorporate non-canonical amino acids, we needed to check if clones still contain the positive selection plasmid in the negative selection round. Therefore, we decided to incorporate the mRFP signal enhancing system downstream of the CDS of our positive selection plasmid BBa_K2201900. If the cells contain this plasmid in the negative selection, they should be visible as red clones. In contrast, the clones containing the negative selection plasmid should be colorless. A picture of one round of the negative selection (Figure 5) shows that one clone is red, thus demonstrating the function of the system. The results of our selection system can be found here.
In addition to our application for this part, there are a lot of potential applications for this signal enhancing part. These are by no way limites to reporter signal enhancements.
References
Davis, R. W. & Hyman, R. W (1971)J. Mol. Biol 62, 287-301.
McGraw, N. J., Bailey, J. N., Cleaves, G. R., Dembinski, D. R., Gocke, C. R., Joliffe, L. K., MacWright, R. S.&McAllister, W. T. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 6753–6766.BBa_K2201373 parameters
In addition to our application for this part, there are a lot of potential applications for this signal enhancing part. These are by no way limites to reporter signal enhancements.
References
Davis, R. W. & Hyman, R. W (1971)J. Mol. Biol 62, 287-301.
McGraw, N. J., Bailey, J. N., Cleaves, G. R., Dembinski, D. R., Gocke, C. R., Joliffe, L. K., MacWright, R. S.&McAllister, W. T. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 6753–6766.
