Team:TUDelft/Main-Collaborations
During the course of this iGEM edition, TU Delft embarked on an ambitious and challenging journey for the realisation of its project. However, we believe that the iGEM experience is more than just carrying out complex microbiological lab work and developing complex and cutting edge models: iGEM is also a worldwide community that continues to expand this year with more than 300 teams participating from all around the world this year.
Consequently, TU Delft organized an European iGEM Meetup in which teams from all over Europe were invited to join us in Delft, the Netherlands, in which the approximately 200 attendees from 9 different countries had the chance to know each other, engage in a debate about synthetic biology and its future prospects; as well as presenting and sharing their project with all the other teams. Besides the fun experience, the presentations and synthetic biology discussions with the other teams inspired us to engage in several collaborations. We hope that the rest of the attending teams were also equally inspired to collaborate with each other!
TU Delft iGEM 2017 is happy to have cooperated with the teams of Munich, Wageningen UR, NTHU Taiwan and Hamburg as well as have contributed to the surveys of UNebraska-Lincoln , NTHU Taiwan and BU-Hardware. After stumbling upon the description of our project, NTHU Taiwan initiated conversations with us via Facebook. Their project also consisted in a biosensor device, on this case featuring a series of overexpressed receptors and enzymes capable of both sensing and degrading EDC’s (Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals) that could be used on-site with sewage waters. A series of Skype meetings followed, in which the usefulness of the inclusion of any of our accomplished BioBricks into their project was discussed. Initially, vesicles and TDPs were deemed potentially interesting for NTHU Taiwan. However, after a closer study of our vesicles BioBrick by Taiwan, they came back to us with a series of points such as the variability in the content and size of vesicles, that made us aware of the weaknesses of our approach for packaging Cas13a and TDPs in our vesicles. Such a feedback resulted important for TU Delft iGEM 2017, as it made us aware of more aspects that should be addressed and optimised in our vesicles prior to its integration in our project. However, the collaboration took a different direction when Taiwan reported difficulties in the transformation involving their plasmids. TU Delft offered to revise their SnapGene files featuring their construct to discard a faulty design as the issue, and shared a series of recommendations on how to make their design clearer in Snapgene and how to achieve transformations with higher yields. Finally, NTHU communicated TU Delft the accomplishment of their transformation!
We wish all the best to our fellow iGEMers of NTHU Taiwan and look forward to meeting them at the Giant Jamboree! This year’s project of Wageningen UR also consisted in the realisation of a device for the diagnosis of tropical diseases featuring sensitive perishable material in the form of engineered cells. As TU Delft also aimed to manufacture a device intended for the broad audience, we were aware that one of the biggest challenges in both of our projects was the shelf-life or storability of the biological material in it.To circumvent the previous issue, our team dedicated a part of our project to research the applicability of tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs)to enable the stabilization of all fragile material with just a simple drying step. Consequently, TU Delft shipped his developed plasmids encoding for the production of three of the most TDPs that conferred the strongest protection (CAHS 94205, CAHS 106094 and SAHS 33020) to Wageningen, so that they could test it with their cells. As depicted in Figure 1, the survival of the bacteria upon drying overnight and resuspending is greatly enhanced for all the samples featuring the BioBricks in comparison to that of the empty vector. In addition, Wageningen resuspended the samples with both Milli-Q water and PBS buffer, achieving new results that indicated that the survival of the cells producing CAHS 94205 was improved while that of the cells with SAHS 33020 worsened.
In return, TU Delft iGEM tested an additional preservation method being researched by iGEM Wageninger UR consisting of drying cells in combination with kaolin clay.
In the experiments, TU Delft dried BL21(DE3) along with different amounts of kaolin in a laminar flow cabinet.
However, after plating the resuspended kaolin and colonies and incubating overnight, the results were inconclusive: either the plates were overgrown or had no colonies at all. What’s more, after the realisation of Wageningen's protocol, TU Delft shared a list of suggestions for its improvement as certain steps such as scraping the dried kaolin containing the bacteria or counting the colonies in plates with kaolin were both laborious and difficult to reproduce accurately. A few months before our European Symposium had taken place, TU Delft shared a project description on Facebook featuring a summary of all the science behind our project. Shortly after, the team of Munich contacted us s indicating that, coincidentally enough, our two teams were to make use of the protein Cas13a in our projects. Because of this, TU Delft and Munich saw a great window of opportunity opening, as the possibility of collaborations that could substantially help both projects was there. Both TU Delft and Munich's project had a common goal: the realisation of a detection device featuring Cas13a. Consequently, the stability of their Cas13a in their device was also one of the challenges in their design as it would determine the shelf life and storability of their final product. As a part of this year’s project, TU Delft was also researching and developing an alternative stabilisation method by making use of the tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs). Therefore, TU Delft shipped a purified batch of TDPs to iGEM Munich, so that they could also assay and evaluate the TDPs and, perhaps, eventually integrate them into their project.
However, the collaboration with Munich changed its direction after TU Delft had realised the first experiments with their obtained Cas13a and TDPs and had observed that whenever our Cas13a was dried in combination with the TDP CAHS 94205, the resuspended Cas13a+TDP solution would start cleaving RNA at a similar rate with and without target RNA, thus losing its specificity (see Figure 1). We asked Munich to assist us and repeat the exact same drying experiment with the same CAHS protein and their Cas13a, in order to corroborate our results and help us find the cause of such an unexpected result.
As observed in Figure 1, the same unexpected conformational alteration occurs when Munich’s Cas13a is dried with our CAHS TDP, hence verifying our CAHS+Cas13a results. Not only did their results help us discard a problem in our Cas13a or an experimental error as the issue, but also proved a similar behaviour of the TDPs in combination with our Cas13a’s, which were based on the sequences of different organisms and purified according to different protocols, therefore further substantiating the use of TDPs for the preservation of Cas13a.
Both the iGEM TU Delft and iGEM LMU-TUM Munich teams realized that optimal crRNA is a prerequisite in utilizing Cas13a for their respective detection purposes. In addition to sensitively detecting a sequence of interest, modeling the off-target effects of a chosen crRNA is important in assessing the reliability of the system, as it provides information about the probability of a false positive output. Both teams took a different approach: we employed a kinetic model (Klein et al. 2017) while iGEM LMU-TUM Munich applied an alignment algorithm. Please find the full model here<\a>.
Biophysical modeling has the advantage of providing a unified targeting framework that is able to take into account tiny (local) off-target effects that together may add to affect the reliability of the system. However, it is computationally intensive as compared to homology search and requires the development of the software, which is already available from NCBI for homology search.
We ran 4 off-target simulations for 2 different crRNAs spacer sequences (crRNA1-3 and crRNA4) designed by iGEM LMU-TUM Munich for targeting the 16s ribosomal RNA of two different bacterial species (E. coli DH5α and B. subtilis). The on and off-target activities are modeled for sequences on all possible frames on the genome (Figure 4). From the simulation results, we deduce that the crRNAs specifically target the different bacterial species.
Figure 4: On and off-target effects of Munich crRNAs on different bacterial targets. On and off-target effects of designed crRNAs on different bacterial targets. A) crRNA 1-3 yield 7 on-target hits (blue) on the E. coli DH5α genome, while off-target probabilities (orange) remain below 1 in 10 million per site. B) crRNA 1-3 yield off-target probabilities below 1 in 10 million for all possible sequences on the B. subtilis genome. C) crRNA 2 yields off-target probabilities below 1 in a million for all possible sequences on the E. coli DH5α genome. D) crRNA 4 yields 10 on-target hits (blue) on the B. subtilis genome, while off-target probabilities (orange) remain below 1 in a million for all possible sequences on the B. subtilis genome.
We establish that the two designed crRNA sequences target their designated bacterial species specifically. crRNA 1-3 contains 7 on-target hits on the E. coli DH5α genome, while crRNA 4 contains 10 on-target hits on the B. subtilis genome. From this it can be concluded conclude that the designed crRNA sequences allow differentiation between the (Gram-negative) E. Coli and (Gram-positive) B. subtilis species. Arguably, designing one crRNA that targets both strains could be beneficial in distinguishing between for example a viral and bacterial infection by requiring less experiments, however a Gram-positive or negative distinction could is already very helpful.
We also compute $P_{FP}$ (the probability of a false positive output, provided that there is a positive output, for the four simulations (Figure 5). For all simulations, the probability of acquiring a false-positive result was found to be low: in the order of one in a million times. Moreover, having multiple on-target sites on the genome of the bacterial species to be detected decreases $P_{FP}$ on the targeted genome. The $P_{FP}$ on the non-targeted genome, however is unaffected. This implies that having more on-target sites intuitively also increases the sensitivity of the assay. However, the off-target probability on non-target species remains unaffected by this.
Figure 5: False-positive probability of crRNAs on different bacterial targets.E. Coli DH5α and B. Subtilis. The probability of false-positive output for crRNA1-3 on E. Coli DH5α and crRNA 4 on B. Subtilis. (off-target genomes) is significantly lower than for the targeted genome, because there are multiple on-target sites.
We conclude that the design of the crRNAs is reliable as only minute off-target effects in the order of one in a million are observed. In addition, we gain a deeper insight into the effect of having multiple on-targets in the genome: this increases the sensitivity of the detection method, but does not affect the reliability. As such, our tool assesses the design of the crRNAs by iGEM LMU-TUM Munich to be clever and to allow reliable detection. We thank iGEM LMU-TUM Munich for the fun collaboration and look forward to meeting them again at the Giant Jamboree.
iGEM Hamburg is another team whose project’s goal is the fight against antimicrobial resistance, on their case, by developing novel antibiotic compounds capable of dealing with multiresistant bacteria. It all started with a series of preliminary conversations prompted by the common goal to our projects and the presence of a former student from Hamburg in our team. During the poster presentation held at our European Meet-up, both of our teams had the chance to get to know each other better and become more familiar with the science to our projects. Ideas ranging from stabilizing the siderophores in Hamburg’s antibiotic with our TDPs to detecting a carbapenem resistant strain with our device followed by its elimination by Hamburg’s antibiotic turned into proposals. Unfortunately, none of the aforementioned could be realised due to time constraints and the need of our projects to be in a stage as advanced as to enable the collaborations.
Many thanks to iGEM Hamburg for travelling all the way to our European Meet-up from Hamburg to share their interesting ideas to make this world a better place!
Figure 1: Snapgene overview of NTHU Taiwan’s construct
Figure 2: Bacteria desiccation tolerance with TDPs. Amounts of colonies remaining after desiccation and rehydration for the empty vector, TU Delft’s BioBricks for the production of CAHS 94205, CAHS 106094 and SAHS 33020 with BL21(DE3). Experiments performed by iGEM Wageningen UR.
Bacteria desiccation tolerance experiments with Kaolin. Tube of kaolin forwarded by iGEM Wageningen UR and resulting plates with the colonies dried in Kaolin clay resuspended.
TDPs in Munich!
Figure 3: Cas13a activity with CAHS 94205 in RNase Alert assay. Fluorescence intensities over time triggered by RNase activity of Cas13a both before and after drying and in combination with the crRNA and target RNA and the TDP CAHS 94205.
Figure 4: Cas13a activity with CAHS 94205 in RNase Alert Assay by Munich. Fluorescence intensities over time triggered by RNase activity of Cas13a after drying with the TDP CAHS 94205, with and without crRNA and target RNA. Data from iGEM Munich 2017.
