Team:TP-CC San Diego/Description
Project Description
Cancer is a type of genetic disease which results in an uncontrollable growth of cells; while some cancers are benign, a large number of them are malignant and can lead to death. A large proportion of human cancer is caused by the acquisition of somatic mutations across an individual's lifetime, while germline mutations inherited from parental germ cells contribute to another a small, but significant part. Though contemporary treatment methods, including radiation therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy, have achieved substantially, they often cause severe side effects. These include fatigue, infection, numbness, nausea, and pain, due to their lack of specificity.
Over the past decade, comprehensive sequencing studies have revealed the genomic landscapes and identified important oncogenic drivers of human cancer. These efforts led to the development of cancer-specific targeted therapy, a way to improve therapeutic efficiency and overcome unsatisfying side effects. Imatinib, which specifically targets BCR-ABL protein, is one of the successful examples for chronic myeloid leukemia treatment. In fact, patients who received imatinib have an overall survival rate of 85%. However, for certain types of cancer, targeted therapy has not shown promising results, with a response rate lower than 10%. Development of novel therapeutic strategy is still urgently needed.
Oncogene amplification is one of the most common events in cancer genome and is a frequent driving force behind cancer cell behavior. Before scientists confirmed that human somatic cells carry 46 chromosomes, abnormal chromosome numbers in cancer cell was noticed, termed aneuploidy. With the increase copies of certain chromosome, genes that stimulate cell growth might be amplified, eventually leading to uncontrolled cell cycle and malignant transformation.
In 1965, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) was discovered; DNA free from its traditional homes in the nucleus was documented. One study taking a look at ecDNA proposed that ecDNAs carry oncogenes, but it didn’t catch enough attention because it was considered to be a rare event. Not until recently has the importance of ecDNA been revisited. The most recent study revealed that nearly 40% of oncogenes reside on ecDNA rather than the notion that all genes resided only on chromosomes.
Similar to chromosomal DNA, ecDNA is composed by double strands of nucleic acid but form a circular structure. More importantly, ecDNA does not have a centromere for spindle fiber binding during mitosis. This unique feature allows rapid gain of oncogene copies and create high heterogeneity in daughter cells during cell proliferation due to random segregation of ecDNA., implying a possible correlative relationship between the development of tumors and a faster resistance to existing treatments.
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is an effective and convenient approach for accurate gene editing mediated by Cas9 DNA nuclease and small guide RNA (gRNA). In this project, we aim to study whether specific removal of ecDNA will induce growth inhibition or death in cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, CRISPR will be used to selectively introduce DNA double strands that break ecDNA. First, we will identify a cancer cell line that carries ecDNA and quantify the oncogene copy number. Then, we will design and clone several gRNAs to target specific sites of the ecDNA. These gRNAs with Cas9 construct will be transfected into cancer cell line and test the cell viability. Eventually we will answer the questions posed.
