Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
{{CLSB-UK Image Container Left Start|image=<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 140 182.8"><path fill="#c62828" d="M63.5 52.7H101L31 173.3c-4.8 5.6-10 10.6-21 6.5-7-4.7-11.3-11-6-23z"/><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2.9" d="M123.8 21.8l-4-2.3-87.8 152c-6 10.5-16 11.8-23 8-6.8-4-10.6-13.4-4.6-24l87.8-152-4-2.2"/></svg>|title=Biomarkers in the blood}} | {{CLSB-UK Image Container Left Start|image=<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 140 182.8"><path fill="#c62828" d="M63.5 52.7H101L31 173.3c-4.8 5.6-10 10.6-21 6.5-7-4.7-11.3-11-6-23z"/><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2.9" d="M123.8 21.8l-4-2.3-87.8 152c-6 10.5-16 11.8-23 8-6.8-4-10.6-13.4-4.6-24l87.8-152-4-2.2"/></svg>|title=Biomarkers in the blood}} | ||
− | Abnormal levels of miRNAs mir-15b-5p and mir-27b-3p in blood serum are indicative of NSCLC | + | Abnormal levels of miRNAs mir-15b-5p and mir-27b-3p in blood serum are indicative of NSCLC<ref name="Hennessey">Hennessey, P. T., Sanford, T., Choudhary, A., Mydlarz, W. W., Brown, D., Adai, A. T., & Califano, J. A. (2012). Serum microRNA biomarkers for detection of non-small cell lung cancer. PloS one, 7(2), e32307.</ref>. We have designed two sequence-specific sensors that utilise synthetic riboregulators called toehold switches. These toehold switches detect mir-15b-5p and mir-27b-3p and produce fluorescent reporter proteins in their presence. We designed our sensors to work in a cell-free system, allowing them to be used safely and in a low-tech environment. |
{{CLSB-UK Image Container Left End}} | {{CLSB-UK Image Container Left End}} | ||
{{CLSB-UK Content End}} | {{CLSB-UK Content End}} | ||
Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
<div class="stripe_content content_wrapper" style="clear: left"> | <div class="stripe_content content_wrapper" style="clear: left"> | ||
{{CLSB-UK Image Container Right Start|title=Non-small cell lung cancer}} | {{CLSB-UK Image Container Right Start|title=Non-small cell lung cancer}} | ||
− | Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, with 1. | + | Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, with 1.6million deaths in 2012. That’s 20% of all reported deaths due to cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) makes up ~80% of all incidences of lung cancer.<ref name="chan">Chan, B. A., & Hughes, B. G. (2015). Targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current standards and the promise of the future. Translational lung cancer research, 4(1), 36.</ref> 58% of all cases in 2012 were reported in less developed countries.<ref>Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., & Ervik, M. (2012). GLOBOCAN, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC cancer base no. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013.</ref> |
+ | |||
+ | NSCLC is characteristically aggressive and pathologically diverse.<ref>Board, P. A. T. E. (2017). Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®).</ref> Common subtypes include pulmonary adenocarcinoma (~50%) and squamous cell carcinoma (~40%). The classification of the original tumour will impact prognosis and treatment. Treatment still centres around cytotoxic chemotherapy, although new treatments show promise including immunotherapies.<ref>Chen, Z., Fillmore, C. M., Hammerman, P. S., Kim, C. F., & Wong, K. K. (2014). Non-small-cell lung cancers: a heterogeneous set of diseases. Nature reviews. Cancer, 14(8), 535.</ref><ref name="chan" /> | ||
+ | |||
+ | NSCLC’s high mortality rate is, in large part, down to the late stage at which the disease is normally diagnosed.<ref name="dajac">Dajac, J., Kamdar, J., Moats, A., & Nguyen, B. (2016). To Screen or not to Screen: Low Dose Computed Tomography in Comparison to Chest Radiography or Usual Care in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Lung Cancer. Cureus, 8(4).</ref> This often renders surgery, which can curative in early stages, pointless as the tumour has metastasised.<ref> Uramoto, H., & Tanaka, F. (2014). Recurrence after surgery in patients with NSCLC. Translational lung cancer research, 3(4), 242.</ref><ref>Molina, J. R., Yang, P., Cassivi, S. D., Schild, S. E., & Adjei, A. A. (2008, May). Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 83, No. 5, pp. 584-594). Elsevier.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | About 90% of lung cancers are caused by smoking and as smoking rates have declined, there has been a corresponding reduction in incidence of lung cancers.<ref> (n.d.). Lung cancer: diagnosis and management - NICE. Retrieved October 7, 2017, from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg121/chapter/introduction</ref> However, nearly 30% of the global population are still estimated to smoke.<ref name="gopal">Gopal, M., Abdullah, S. E., Grady, J. J., & Goodwin, J. S. (2010). Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the baseline findings of randomized controlled trials. Journal of thoracic oncology, 5(8), 1233-1239.</ref> | ||
{{CLSB-UK Image Container Right End|image=<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 158.8 124.1"><g fill="#ffebee"><path d="M73.3 0v21.5L43 51.8l8.6 8.7 27.8-27.8 27.8 27.8 8.6-8.7-30.3-30.3V0z"/><path d="M68.5 78.3c0 23.5-15.6 31.7-17 32-41 7.8-25.8 9.3-45 13.6-15 4-3-71 26.4-107 42-45 35 35 35 61zm21.8 0c0 23.5 15.6 31.7 17 32 41 7.8 25.8 9.3 45 13.6 15 4 3-71-26.4-107-43-45-36 35-36 61z"/></g></svg>}} | {{CLSB-UK Image Container Right End|image=<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 158.8 124.1"><g fill="#ffebee"><path d="M73.3 0v21.5L43 51.8l8.6 8.7 27.8-27.8 27.8 27.8 8.6-8.7-30.3-30.3V0z"/><path d="M68.5 78.3c0 23.5-15.6 31.7-17 32-41 7.8-25.8 9.3-45 13.6-15 4-3-71 26.4-107 42-45 35 35 35 61zm21.8 0c0 23.5 15.6 31.7 17 32 41 7.8 25.8 9.3 45 13.6 15 4 3-71-26.4-107-43-45-36 35-36 61z"/></g></svg>}} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
{{CLSB-UK Footer}} | {{CLSB-UK Footer}} |
Revision as of 23:41, 14 October 2017
Project BATMAN
a new way to detect cancer using toehold switches
Late presentation and non-specific symptoms are the main
reasons 1.6 million people worldwide die from lung cancer every year
Dr Sujal Desai, Consultant Chest Radiologist
We have developed a new way to detect cancer at an early stage by measuring micro-RNAs (miRNAs), biomarkers found in blood. We use toehold switches to regulate expression of GFP in response to specific miRNAs. This method could be applied to a myriad of diseases, but we have chosen to use non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a proof of concept. We hope our work in NSCLC detection demonstrates the potential that toehold switches have to offer as a cheap and effective diagnostic tool.
Late presentation of symptoms is the main reason
why 40,000 people are dying every year from lung cancer
Dr Sujal Desai, Respiratory Consultant
We developed a new way to detect cancer at an early stage by measuring micro-RNAs (miRNA), biomarkers found in blood. We used toehold switches to regulate expression of GFP in response to specific miRNAs. This method could be applied to a myriad of diseases, but we have chosen to use non-small cell lung cancer as a proof of concept.
Biomarkers in the blood
Abnormal levels of miRNAs mir-15b-5p and mir-27b-3p in blood serum are indicative of NSCLC[1]. We have designed two sequence-specific sensors that utilise synthetic riboregulators called toehold switches. These toehold switches detect mir-15b-5p and mir-27b-3p and produce fluorescent reporter proteins in their presence. We designed our sensors to work in a cell-free system, allowing them to be used safely and in a low-tech environment.
Non-small cell lung cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality, with 1.6million deaths in 2012. That’s 20% of all reported deaths due to cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) makes up ~80% of all incidences of lung cancer.[2] 58% of all cases in 2012 were reported in less developed countries.[3]NSCLC is characteristically aggressive and pathologically diverse.[4] Common subtypes include pulmonary adenocarcinoma (~50%) and squamous cell carcinoma (~40%). The classification of the original tumour will impact prognosis and treatment. Treatment still centres around cytotoxic chemotherapy, although new treatments show promise including immunotherapies.[5][2]
NSCLC’s high mortality rate is, in large part, down to the late stage at which the disease is normally diagnosed.[6] This often renders surgery, which can curative in early stages, pointless as the tumour has metastasised.[7][8]
About 90% of lung cancers are caused by smoking and as smoking rates have declined, there has been a corresponding reduction in incidence of lung cancers.[9] However, nearly 30% of the global population are still estimated to smoke.[10]
- ↑ Hennessey, P. T., Sanford, T., Choudhary, A., Mydlarz, W. W., Brown, D., Adai, A. T., & Califano, J. A. (2012). Serum microRNA biomarkers for detection of non-small cell lung cancer. PloS one, 7(2), e32307.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chan, B. A., & Hughes, B. G. (2015). Targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current standards and the promise of the future. Translational lung cancer research, 4(1), 36.
- ↑ Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., & Ervik, M. (2012). GLOBOCAN, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC cancer base no. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013.
- ↑ Board, P. A. T. E. (2017). Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®).
- ↑ Chen, Z., Fillmore, C. M., Hammerman, P. S., Kim, C. F., & Wong, K. K. (2014). Non-small-cell lung cancers: a heterogeneous set of diseases. Nature reviews. Cancer, 14(8), 535.
- ↑ Dajac, J., Kamdar, J., Moats, A., & Nguyen, B. (2016). To Screen or not to Screen: Low Dose Computed Tomography in Comparison to Chest Radiography or Usual Care in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Lung Cancer. Cureus, 8(4).
- ↑ Uramoto, H., & Tanaka, F. (2014). Recurrence after surgery in patients with NSCLC. Translational lung cancer research, 3(4), 242.
- ↑ Molina, J. R., Yang, P., Cassivi, S. D., Schild, S. E., & Adjei, A. A. (2008, May). Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 83, No. 5, pp. 584-594). Elsevier.
- ↑ (n.d.). Lung cancer: diagnosis and management - NICE. Retrieved October 7, 2017, from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg121/chapter/introduction
- ↑ Gopal, M., Abdullah, S. E., Grady, J. J., & Goodwin, J. S. (2010). Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the baseline findings of randomized controlled trials. Journal of thoracic oncology, 5(8), 1233-1239.