Difference between revisions of "Team:Bielefeld-CeBiTec/Results/toolbox/photoswitching"

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<h2> Cultivation and irradiation of the cotransformants </h2>
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<h2> Basic lycopene production of the cotransformants </h2>
 
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The incorporation of different amino acids influences the lycopene production...
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The cotransformants, now containing the lycopene pathway with one of the three <i>crtI</i> variants and the AzoF-RS, were cultivated in a 6-wellplate in LB-media at 37°C and 400 rpm. To measure the basic lycopene production when native amino acids are unspecifically incorporated at the amber-codons, no AzoF was added to the media. After 16 hours of cultivation, 15 ml of the culture were harvested and the lycopene extracted with acetone (lycopene extraction protocol).
 
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<p class="figure subtitle"><b>Figure 5: tbc </b><p>
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<p class="figure subtitle"><b>Figure 5:</b> Absorption spectrum of the extracted lycopene of the three samples. LP is the lycopene producing strain with an intact <i>crtI</i>, TAG318 has the amber-codon at position 318 in <i>crtI</i>, TAG353 has an amber-codon at position 353 in <i>crtI</i>.<p>
 
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Figure 5 shows that the typical absorption spectrum of lycopene for all samples. All of the variants produce lycopene again, even the ones with the amber codon. This means, that the AzoF-RS unspecifically incorporates native amino acids when no AzoF is supplemented and therefore regenerates the <i>crtI</i> function partially.
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<p class="figure subtitle"><b>Figure 6: tbc </b><p>
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<p class="figure subtitle"><b>Figure 6: </b>Mean and standard deviation of the absorption spectrum of the three samples from 400 to 550 nm.<p>
 
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Figure 6 shows that the lycopene production of the two amber variants is less than in the functional lycopene producer..  Also, a difference in the lycopene production of the two variants can be detected. While the cotransformant TAG353 shows half of the lycopene productivity, the variant TAG318 shows less than a third of the productivity of the lycopene producing strain (LP). This implies that the two different positions in <i>crtI</i> have different effect on the binding activity of the active site.
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<h2>Irradiation, switching and stability of AzoF</h2>
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To make sure that we are able to switch the conformation of AzoF and that the cis and trans conformations are stable over the cultivation time, we irradiated a sample of LB-media containing 1 mM of AzoF with our LED-panel. One sample was irradiated with 367 nm for 40 minutes with 100% brightness which causes AzoF to go over to its cis-conformation. The conformation of AzoF can be detected through its absorption spectrum (Figure 7).
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<p class="figure subtitle"><b>Figure 7:</b> Absorption spectrum of AzoF in LB media after irradiation with light of 367 nm wavelength. The black line shows the typical absorption of AzoF in the trans-conformation while the other lines show the absorption spectrum in the cis-conformation. The spectrum was measured directly after the irradiation, then after 2, 4, 17 and 20 hours. The sample was incubated at 30°C.<p>
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Figure 7 shows that we were able to switch the conformation of AzoF in LB-media with our LED-panel. Furthermore, the less stable cis-conformation, which is induced by the UV-light of 367 nm, was stable for over 20 hours at cultivation conditions This led us to the conclusion that we could start a cultivation of the three <i>crtI</i> variants with the two different AzoF conformations and that any detectable difference in the lycopene production would be caused by the photoswitching event of the amino acids.
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Revision as of 17:21, 26 October 2017

Photoswitching

Short summary

To showcase the possibility of enzyme activity regulation on protein level, we designed a photoswitching experiment in which we controlled the lycopene production of an E. coli strain. This was achieved by incorporation of the non-canonical amino acid (ncAA) phenylalanine-4'-azobenzene (AzoF) into pytoene desaturase, encoded by crtI. The lycopene production can be completely terminated by introduction of amber codons into crtI. The enzyme activity can be partially recovered by cotransformation with an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS). Even without supplementation of the media with the desired ncAA, this will lead to some enzyme activity recovery. We also showed that we are able to switch the conformation of AzoF from a mixed state to trans and cis with our LED panel and that the amino acids are stable in their specific conformation over several hours. When cultivated with AzoF in cis- or trans-conformation we detected a significant difference in the lycopene production. Therefore, we proved that photoswitching of enzyme activity on protein level can be achieved using our system.

Design of AzoF-RS

The AzoF-RS (BBa_K2201207) was based on an part exchange with CU Boulder 2017. They got it from the Schultz lab, which performed a selection experiment on the M. jannaschii TyrRS to evolve a new aaRS capable of incorporating the photoisomerizable phenylalanine-4‘-azobenzene (AzoF). Figure 1 shows a sequence alignment of the protein sequences of the M. jannaschii TyrRS and the AzoF-RS after the selection process.

Figure 1: Sequence alignment of the M. jannaschii TyrRS and the AzoF-RS of the Schultz lab. The alignment shows six differences in the protein sequences.

Two Amber-CrtI-Variants

We created two variants in which the crtI protein in the lycopene pathway has an amber-codon incorporated; one at the position 318 and the other at position 353. We cultivated E.coli BL21(DE3) transformed with the two amber-variants and a functional crtI for 24 hours at 37°C and centrifuged the culture. The pellet of the strain with the functional crtI showed a visible orange color, typical for lycopene (Figure 2). The two amber-variants showed no color due to the absence of lycopene caused by the non-functional crtI in the lycopene pathway.

Figure 2: Cell pellets of the functional CrtI-variant (left), the amber318 (middle) and the amber353 (right) variants vortexed in 500 µl acetone.

We then extracted the lycopene from the pellet to quantify the amount of lycopene produced by the three cultures. For that, we resuspended the pellet in 400 µl acetone and vortexed it to solve the lycopene. We then added 400 µl water and made and absorbance measurement. We first made an absorbance spectrum to identify the best wavelength for the quantification (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Absorbance spectrum of the positive lycopene sample from 400 to 550 nm normalized with the measurement of a 1:1 acetone water sample.

Figure 3 shows that the absorbance maximum of the lycopene lays at 476 nm, which correlates with the data of the references. We then performed the quantification of the lycopene production with five biological and three technical replicates (Figure 4). It verifies the implications of Figure 2 that the cells containing the amber-variants are not able to produce lycopene. That makes them suitable for the incorporation process of AzoF, such that an increase of the lycopene production is to be expected after cotransformation with the AzoF-RS and feeding with AzoF.

Figure 4: Absorbance at 476 nm of the samples with extracted lycopene of the transformants with the functional crtI (left), the crtI with an amber codon at position 318 (middle) and with an amber codon at position 353 (right). The absorbance at 476 nm of a 1:1 aceton water solution was subtracted from the samples.

Basic lycopene production of the cotransformants

The cotransformants, now containing the lycopene pathway with one of the three crtI variants and the AzoF-RS, were cultivated in a 6-wellplate in LB-media at 37°C and 400 rpm. To measure the basic lycopene production when native amino acids are unspecifically incorporated at the amber-codons, no AzoF was added to the media. After 16 hours of cultivation, 15 ml of the culture were harvested and the lycopene extracted with acetone (lycopene extraction protocol).

Figure 5: Absorption spectrum of the extracted lycopene of the three samples. LP is the lycopene producing strain with an intact crtI, TAG318 has the amber-codon at position 318 in crtI, TAG353 has an amber-codon at position 353 in crtI.

Figure 5 shows that the typical absorption spectrum of lycopene for all samples. All of the variants produce lycopene again, even the ones with the amber codon. This means, that the AzoF-RS unspecifically incorporates native amino acids when no AzoF is supplemented and therefore regenerates the crtI function partially.

Figure 6: Mean and standard deviation of the absorption spectrum of the three samples from 400 to 550 nm.

Figure 6 shows that the lycopene production of the two amber variants is less than in the functional lycopene producer.. Also, a difference in the lycopene production of the two variants can be detected. While the cotransformant TAG353 shows half of the lycopene productivity, the variant TAG318 shows less than a third of the productivity of the lycopene producing strain (LP). This implies that the two different positions in crtI have different effect on the binding activity of the active site.

Irradiation, switching and stability of AzoF

To make sure that we are able to switch the conformation of AzoF and that the cis and trans conformations are stable over the cultivation time, we irradiated a sample of LB-media containing 1 mM of AzoF with our LED-panel. One sample was irradiated with 367 nm for 40 minutes with 100% brightness which causes AzoF to go over to its cis-conformation. The conformation of AzoF can be detected through its absorption spectrum (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Absorption spectrum of AzoF in LB media after irradiation with light of 367 nm wavelength. The black line shows the typical absorption of AzoF in the trans-conformation while the other lines show the absorption spectrum in the cis-conformation. The spectrum was measured directly after the irradiation, then after 2, 4, 17 and 20 hours. The sample was incubated at 30°C.

Figure 7 shows that we were able to switch the conformation of AzoF in LB-media with our LED-panel. Furthermore, the less stable cis-conformation, which is induced by the UV-light of 367 nm, was stable for over 20 hours at cultivation conditions This led us to the conclusion that we could start a cultivation of the three crtI variants with the two different AzoF conformations and that any detectable difference in the lycopene production would be caused by the photoswitching event of the amino acids.