Latest revision as of 16:24, 1 November 2017

1. Conducted Simulation in order to simulate filter’s working ability and improve our design.

2. Used the equation of Michaelis-Menten kinetics model to test our HRP degradation efficiency.

3. Derived Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm model to measure the adsorption capacity of our filter.

4. Modeled the design life of our filter to predict the frequency of replacement of inner activated carbons.

Model 1: Enzyme kinetics

Theory and derivation of enzyme kinetics :

We simplified our enzyme-EDCs system as the reaction with the process of the first and second order reactions:

The initial collision of E (Enzyme) and S (Substrate) is a bimolecular reaction with the second-order rate constant k₁. The ES complex can then undergo one of two possible reactions: k₂ is the first-order rate constant for the conversion of ES to E and P, and k_-1 is the first-order rate constant for the conversion of ES back to E and S.We assume that the formation of product from ES (the step described by k₂) does not occur in reverse.

The rate equation for product formation is:

However, measuring [ES] is more difficult because the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex depends on its rate of formation from E and S and its rate of decomposition to E + S and E + P:

To simplify our analysis, we choose experimental conditions such that the substrate concentration is much greater than the enzyme concentration and ES remains constant until nearly all the substrate has been converted to product.

According to the steady-state assumption, the rate of ES formation must therefore balance the rate of ES consumption:

The total enzyme concentration, [E]T, is usually known:

This expression for [E] can be substituted into the rate equation to give:

Rearranging (by dividing both sides by [ES] and k1) gives an expression in which all three rate constants are together:

We defined KM and rearranged the equation:

We did some compute process for the equation and give:

Solving for [ES],

Finally, we can express the reaction velocity as:

The maximum reaction velocity, Vmax, can be expressed as:

And then we can get the equation,

In order to estimate the degradation capacity of the filter, we calculated horseradish peroxidase’s ability of degradation based on the equation of Michaelis-Menten kinetics :

The degradation rate under different EDCs concentration

We used several parameters according to the paper we found to calculate the initial velocity of different concentrations of BPA and NP. Also, their concentrations at different time after starting degradation.

NP:
[H2O2]=10^(-5) M
Km=10.1*10^(-6) M
Vmax=0.056*10^(-6) M/s
S=9.1*10^(-10)~9.1*10^(-6) M

BPA:
[H2O2]=0.02*10^(-3) M
Km=6*10^(-6) M
Vmax=2.22*10^(-9) M/s
S=8.77*10^(-10)~8.77*10^(-6) M

The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 1-4) :

Figure 1. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-6) mg/L

Figure 2. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-7) mg/L

Figure 3. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-8) mg/L

Figure 4. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-9) mg/L

From the results of the enzyme kinetics, we can find that when the concentration of EDCs increases, the degradation rate increases dramatically. As a result, our activated carbon in the system of our filter can help HRP to degrade EDCs in the more efficient way since its outstanding ability to capture EDCs in the water and accumulate more EDCs around HRP.

To prove the accumulative ability of activated carbon

To prove that our activated carbon can effectively accumulate our EDCs, we compared the time duration for 50%,75%, and 95% degradation between different concentrations of EDCs in the unsaturated activated carbon and those in the saturated activated carbon. (Since we believed that if our activated carbon can effectively accumulate EDCs, the EDCs solution should we saturated)

We fixed the EDCs solution at the concentrations of 10^(-6) M,10^(-7) M,10^(-8) M, and 10^(-9) M. (not in the activated carbon)The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 5-19) :

Figure 5. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M

Figure 6. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-7) M

Figure 7. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-8) M

Figure 8. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-9) M

Figure 9. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M

Figure 10. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M

Figure 11. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-7) M

Figure 12. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-8) M

Figure 13. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-9) M

Figure 14. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M

Figure 15. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M

Figure 16. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-7) M

Figure 17. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-8) M

Figure 18. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-9) M

Figure 19. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M

As we can see in the results, the scale of time duration for degrading the unsaturated EDCs solution can up to 10^(15) sec, however, the time duration for degrading the saturated EDCs solution are only 10^(10)sec. This proves that our filter can effectively accumulate EDCs to let our enzyme degrade much more faster.

Model 2: Concentration Test

Theory and derivation of the Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm from Kinetics

In general, the rate law can be written as:

If we imagine a small pore, adsorption sites near the open ends are different from at the center of the pore. This distinction occurs when the sites possess specific chemical properties. If a concentration is imposed at one end of the pore, solute must diffuse to find an open adsorption site first and it is similar as the desorption case.In this point, the exponent n is a measure of the fractal dimension of the process and the rate constant for fractal reactions is also expected to be proportional to the molecular diffusion coefficient.For both adsorption and desorption reactions but with distinct fractal dimensions (n_i) and fractal rate constants (k_i):

At equilibrium, the derivative is equal to zero and the equation can then be solved for S:

Finally, we can transform the equation to the Freundlich Adsorption equation,

C_e : the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the bulk solution (mg L−1)(the concentration of EDCs)
K_F : Freundlich constant indicative of the relative adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (mg1−(1/n) L1/n g−1)
n : Freundlich constant indicative of the intensity of the adsorption
q_e: the amount of solute adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent at equilibrium (mg g−1)(the maximum of the adsorption)

To further estimate our filter’s function, we’ve conducted two models based on the Freundlich Adsorption equation as following:

The adsorption capacity under different EDCs concentration

To test the adsorption capacity under different maximum EDCs concentration, we than fixed our maximum EDCs concentration as Ce at 10^(-6) M, 10^(-7) M, 10^(-8) M,and 10^(-9) M, which represent 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L, and 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L respectively. The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 20-23) :

Figure 20. q_e vs C_e under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L

Figure 21. q_e vs C_e under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L

Figure 22. q_e vs C_e under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L

Figure 23. q_e vs C_e under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L

We can see that as the concentration of EDCs (C_e) increases, the adsorption amount per unit weight of adsorbent at eq. also increases. We deduced that it might because as the concentration arises, the collision frequency between EDCs and our activated carbon increases, leading to the higher amount of adsorbent.

The design life of filter under different EDCs concentration

To test The design life of filter under different maximum EDCs concentration, we first fixed our amount of activated carbon at 1000g and also fixed our maximum EDCs concentration at 10^(-6) M, 10^(-7) M, 10^(-8) M,and 10^(-9) M, which represent 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L, and 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L respectively. Based on the reference we found, we then assumed that the flow rate of water is 1.5L/sec and farmers will irrigate their farmland at the frequency of 7 days.Thus the total flow for each irrigation time will be 86400(sec)*7*1.5(L/sec)=907200(L).The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 24-27) :

Figure 24. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L

Figure 25. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L

Figure 26. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L

Figure 27. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L

We can see that as the concentration of EDCs increases, The design life of filter decreases. It may because the more EDCs are presented in the water, the more activated carbon will bind to it, which then reduces the amount of activated carbon we can utilize and it proves that our filter can eliminate the EDCs in the lower concentration but it can’t afford the concentration of EDCs beyond the safe range.

Enzyme Kinetics

Freundlich Model

Reference

1. Dong, S., Mao, L., Luo, S., Zhou, L., Feng, Y., & Gao, S. (2014). Comparison of lignin peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase for catalyzing the removal of nonylphenol from the water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(3), 2358-2366.

2. http://www.hccfa.org.tw/

3. Hamdaoui, O., & Naffrechoux, E. (2007). Modeling of adsorption isotherms of phenol and chlorophenols onto granular activated carbon: Part I. Two-parameter models and equations allowing determination of thermodynamic parameters. Journal of Hazardous materials, 147(1), 381-394.

4. Skopp, J. (2009). Derivation of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm from kinetics. J. Chem. Educ, 86(11), 1341.

5. Choi, K. J., Kim, S. G., Kim, C. W., & Kim, S. H. (2005). Effects of activated carbon types and service life on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals: amitrole, nonylphenol, and bisphenol-A. Chemosphere, 58(11), 1535-1545.

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+text-justify:inter-ideograph;";"line-height:30px><center><h1>Overview</h1></center><br>
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+<font size=5>
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+. Conducted Simulation in order to simulate filter’s working ability and improve our design.<br><br>
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+. Used the equation of Michaelis-Menten kinetics model to test our HRP degradation efficiency.<br><br>
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+. Derived Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm model to measure the adsorption capacity of our filter.<br><br>
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+. Modeled the design life of our filter to predict the frequency of replacement of inner activated carbons.<br><br>
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+	We simplified our enzyme-EDCs system as the reaction with the process of the first and second order reactions:
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-		</div>
-		<a href="https://igem.org/2017_Judging_Form?team=NTHU_Taiwan">
-			<div class="menu_button">
-				JUDGING FORM
-			</div>
-		</a>
-	</div>
+	<p>
+	<img width="25%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f4/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Parts--m1.png">
+	</p>
-</div>
+	<p>
+	The initial collision of E (Enzyme) and S (Substrate) is a bimolecular reaction with the second-order rate
+	constant k<sub>1</sub>. The ES complex can then undergo one of two possible reactions: k<sub>2</sub> is the first-order rate constant for the conversion of ES to E and P, and k<sub>-1</sub> is the first-order rate constant for the conversion of ES back to E and S.We assume that the formation of product from ES (the step described by k<sub>2</sub>) does not occur in reverse.
+	</p>
-<!-- start of content -->
+	<p>
-<div class="igem_2017_content_wrapper">
+	The rate equation for product formation is:
-	<img width="25%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/e2/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Notebook--Top.png">
+	</p>
-	<div style="text-align: center">
-		<h1 style="color:#DF6A6A">Model
-		</h1>
-		<hr width="20%" />
-	</div>
-<style>
+	<p>
-p{
+	<img width="17.6%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/2/2a/M2.png">
-width:1000px;
+	</p>
-font-size:20px;
-text-align: justify;
-text-justify:inter-ideograph;
-line-height: 30px;
-}
-</style>
-<body>
-<center>
+	<p>
+	However, measuring [ES] is more difficult because the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex depends on its rate of formation from E and S and its rate of decomposition to E + S and E + P:
+	</p>
+	<p>
+	<img width="32.4%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/a/a6/M3.png">
+	</p>
-<h1>
+	<p>
-Modelling1: Enzyme kinetics
+	To simplify our analysis, we choose experimental conditions such that the substrate concentration is much greater than the enzyme concentration and ES remains constant until nearly all the substrate has been converted to product.
-</h1>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Theory and derivation of enzyme kinetics :
+	<img width="10.25%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/d/db/M4.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-We simplified our enzyme-EDCs system as the reaction with the process of the first and second order reactions:
+	According to the steady-state assumption, the rate of ES formation must therefore
-</p>
+	balance the rate of ES consumption:
-<br>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-The initial collision of E and S is a bimolecular reaction with the second-order rate
+	<img width="23.5%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/7/74/M5.png">
-constant k1. The ES complex can then undergo one of two possible reactions: k2 is the first-order rate constant for the conversion of ES to E and P, and k-1 is the first-order rate constant for the conversion of ES back to E and S.We assume that the formation of product from ES (the step described by k2) does not occur in reverse.
+	</p>
-</p>
-<br>
-<p>
-The rate equation for product formation is:
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-However, measuring [ES] is more difficult because the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex depends on its rate of formation from E and S and its rate of decomposition to E + S and E + P:
+	The total enzyme concentration, [E]T, is usually known:
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-To simplify our analysis, we choose experimental conditions such that the substrate
+	<img width="16.4%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/c/cc/M6.png">
-concentration is much greater than the enzyme concentration and ES remains constant until nearly all the substrate has been converted to product.
+	</p>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-According to the steady-state assumption, the rate of ES formation must therefore
+	This expression for [E] can be substituted into the rate equation to give:
-balance the rate of ES consumption:
+	</p>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-The total enzyme concentration, [E]T, is usually known:
+	<img width="32.4%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/b/b8/M7.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-This expression for [E] can be substituted into the rate equation to give:
+	Rearranging (by dividing both sides by [ES] and k1) gives an expression in which all
-</p>
+	three rate constants are together:
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Rearranging (by dividing both sides by [ES] and k1) gives an expression in which all
+	<img width="25.83%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/55/M8.png">
-three rate constants are together:
+	</p>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-We defined KM and rearranged the equation:
+	We defined KM and rearranged the equation:
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-We did some compute process for the equation and give:
+	<img width="27%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/58/M9.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Solving for [ES],
+	We did some compute process for the equation and give:
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Finally, we can express the reaction velocity as:
+	<img width="18.86%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/b/b5/M10.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-The maximum reaction velocity, Vmax, can be expressed as:
+	Solving for [ES],
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-And then we can get the equation,
+	<img width="15.17%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/5b/M11.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-In order to estimate the degradation capacity of the filter, we calculated horseradish peroxidase’s ability of degradation based on the equation of Michaelis-Menten kinetics :
+	Finally, we can express the reaction velocity as:
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<b>
+	<img width="21%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/3a/M12.png">
-The degradation rate under different EDCs concentration
+	</p>
-</b>
-</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p>
-We used several parameters according to the paper we found to calculate the initial velocity of different concentrations of BPA and NP. Also, their concentrations at different time after starting degradation.
+	The maximum reaction velocity, Vmax, can be expressed as:
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-NP:
+	<img width="12.3%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/6/6c/M13.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-[H2O2]=10^(-5) M
+	And then we can get the equation,
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Km=10.1*10^(-6) M
+	<img width="13.94%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/b/b4/M14.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Vmax=0.056*10^(-6) M/s
+	In order to estimate the degradation capacity of the filter, we calculated horseradish peroxidase’s ability of degradation based on the equation of Michaelis-Menten kinetics :
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-S: 9.1*10^(-10)~9.1*10^(-6) M
+	<img width="13.94%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/b/b4/M14.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<br>
-<p>
-BPA:
+        <h2>
-</p>
+	The degradation rate under different EDCs concentration
+	</h2>
-<p>
-[H2O2]=0.02*10^(-3) M
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Km=6*10^(-6) M
+	We used several parameters according to the paper we found to calculate the initial velocity of different concentrations of BPA and NP. Also, their concentrations at different time after starting degradation.
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+<div style="line-height:5px #ccc solid;">
-Vmax=2.22*10^(-9) M/s
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><font size=2>NP:</font><br>
-S: 8.77*10^(-10)~8.77*10^(-6) M
-</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<font size=2>[H2O2]=10^(-5) M</font><br>
-The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 1-4) :
-</p>
+	<font size=2> Km=10.1*10^(-6) M</font><br>
+	<font size=2> Vmax=0.056*10^(-6) M/s</font><br>
-<p>
+	<font size=2> S=9.1*10^(-10)~9.1*10^(-6) M</font></p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/parts/b/b0/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_6_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	<p><font size=2> BPA:</font><br>
+	<font size=2> [H2O2]=0.02*10^(-3) M</font><br>
-<p>
+	<font size=2> Km=6*10^(-6) M</font><br>
-<center>
-<font size=2>
-Figure 1. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-6) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
+	<font size=2>Vmax=2.22*10^(-9) M/s</font><br>
-<p>
+	<font size=2> S=8.77*10^(-10)~8.77*10^(-6) M</font></p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/53/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_7_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+</div>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 1-4) :
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 2. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-7) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/0/09/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_8_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/eb/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_62_EDC_concentration.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 3. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-8) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/57/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_9_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<center>
+	Figure 1. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-6) mg/L
-<font size=2>
+	</font></center></p>
-Figure 4. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-9) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-From the results of the enzyme kinetics, we can find that when the concentration of EDCs increases, the degradation rate increases dramatically. As a result, our activated carbon in the system of our filter can help HRP to degrade EDCs in the more efficient way since its outstanding ability to capture EDCs in the water and accumulate more EDCs around HRP.
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/34/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_72_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
-<b>
-To prove the accumulative ability of activated carbon
-</b>
-</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-To prove that our activated carbon can effectively accumulate our EDCs, we compared the time duration for 50%,75%, and 95% degradation between different concentrations of EDCs in the unsaturated activated carbon and those in the saturated activated carbon. (Since we believed that if our activated carbon can effectively accumulate EDCs, the EDCs solution should we saturated)
+	Figure 2. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-7) mg/L
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-We fixed the EDCs solution at the concentrations of 10^(-6) M,10^(-7) M,10^(-8) M, and 10^(-9) M. (not in the activated carbon)The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 5-9) :
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/b/b6/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_82_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<img width="100%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/9/98/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--50_four_picture.png">
+	Figure 3. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-8) mg/L
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/6/6c/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--speed_degradation_92_EDC_concentration.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 5.6.7.8. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M,10^(-7) M,10^(-8) M, and 10^(-9) M
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/b/bd/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--50_degradation_6_EDC_concentration.png">
+	Figure 4. degradation speed vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 10^(-9) mg/L
-</p>
+	</font></center></p><br><br><br>
-<p>
-<center>
-<font size=2>
-Figure 9. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<img width="100%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/ec/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--four_picture.png">
+	From the results of the enzyme kinetics, we can find that when the concentration of EDCs increases, the degradation rate increases dramatically. As a result, our activated carbon in the system of our filter can help HRP to degrade EDCs in the more efficient way since its outstanding ability to capture EDCs in the water and accumulate more EDCs around HRP.
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	To prove the accumulative ability of activated carbon
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 10.11.12.13. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M,10^(-7) M,10^(-8) M, and 10^(-9) M
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/7/76/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--75_degradation_6_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	To prove that our activated carbon can effectively accumulate our EDCs, we compared the time duration for 50%,75%, and 95% degradation between different concentrations of EDCs in the unsaturated activated carbon and those in the saturated activated carbon. (Since we believed that if our activated carbon can effectively accumulate EDCs, the EDCs solution should we saturated)
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 14. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<img width="100%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/a/a2/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--951four_picture.png">
+	We fixed the EDCs solution at the concentrations of 10^(-6) M,10^(-7) M,10^(-8) M, and 10^(-9) M. (not in the activated carbon)The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 5-19) :
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/a/a7/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--50_degradation_62_EDC_concentration.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 15.16.17.18. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M,10^(-7) M,10^(-8) M, and 10^(-9) M
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<img width="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/0/06/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--95_degradation_6_EDC_concentration.png">
+	Figure 5. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/0/06/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--50_degradation_72_EDC_concentration.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 19. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration  under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-As we can see in the results, the scale of time duration for degrading the unsaturated EDCs solution can up to 10^(15) sec, however, the time duration for degrading the saturated EDCs solution are only 10^(10)sec. This proves that our filter can effectively accumulate EDCs to let our enzyme degrade much more faster.
+	Figure 6. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-7) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<br>
-<h1>
+	<p>
-Modelling2: Concentration Test
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/8d/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--50_degradation_82_EDC_concentration.png">
-</h1>
+	</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-Theory and derivation of the Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm from Kinetics
+	Figure 7. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-8) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-In general, the rate law can be written as:
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/5/5e/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--50_degradation_92_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-If we imagine a small pore, adsorption sites near the open ends are different from at the center of the pore. This distinction occurs when the sites possess specific chemical properties. If a concentration is imposed at one end of the pore, solute must diffuse to find an open adsorption site first and it is similar as the desorption case.In this point, the exponent n is a measure of the fractal dimension of the process and the rate constant for fractal reactions is also expected to be proportional to the molecular diffusion coefficient.For both adsorption and desorption reactions but with distinct fractal dimensions (ni) and fractal rate constants (ki):
+	Figure 8. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-9) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-At equilibrium, the derivative is equal to zero and the equation can then be solved for S:
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f1/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--T_of_50_Degradation_Rate_12_EDC_saturation_point.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-Finally, we can transform the equation to the Freundlich Adsorption equation,
+	Figure 9. time duration for 50%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-Ce : the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the bulk solution (mg L−1)(the concentration of EDCs)
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/2/27/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--75_degradation_61_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-KF : Freundlich constant indicative of the relative adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (mg1−(1/n) L1/n g−1)
+	Figure 10. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-n : Freundlich constant indicative of the intensity of the adsorption
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/1b/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--75_degradation_72_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-qe: the amount of solute adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent at equilibrium (mg g−1)(the maximum of the adsorption)
+	Figure 11. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-7) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p>
-To further estimate our filter’s function, we’ve conducted two models based on the Freundlich Adsorption equation as following:
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/e4/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--75_degradation_82_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<b>
+	Figure 12. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-8) M
-The adsorption capacity under different EDCs concentration
+	</font></center></p>
-</b>
-</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p>
-To test the adsorption capacity under different maximum EDCs concentration, we than fixed our maximum EDCs concentration as Ce at 10^(-6) M, 10^(-7) M, 10^(-8) M,and 10^(-9) M, which represent 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L, and 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L respectively. The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 20-23) :
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/4/4e/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--75_degradation_92_EDC_concentration.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f2/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_1_EDC_concentrationt.png">
+	Figure 13. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-9) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/9/97/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--T_of_75_Degradation_Rate_12_EDC_saturation_point.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 20.  qe vs Ce  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/eb/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_2_EDC_concentration.png">
+	Figure 14. time duration for 75%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/38/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--95_degradation_62_EDC_concentration.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 21.  qe vs Ce  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f1/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_3_EDC_concentration.png">
+	Figure 15. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/39/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--95_degradation_72_EDC_concentration.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 22. qe vs Ce  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f7/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_4_EDC_concentration.png">
+	Figure 16. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-7) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/8f/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--95_degradation_82_EDC_concentration.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 23. qe vs Ce  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-We can see that as the concentration of EDCs (Ce) increases, the adsorption amount per unit weight of adsorbent at eq. also increases. We deduced that it might because as the concentration arises, the collision frequency between EDCs and our activated carbon increases, leading to the higher amount of adsorbent.
+	Figure 17. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-8) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<b>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/c/c0/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--95_degradation_92_EDC_concentration.png">
-The usage time of filter under different EDCs concentration
+	</p>
-</b>
-</p>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-To test The usage time of filter under different maximum EDCs concentration, we first fixed our amount of activated carbon at 1000g and also fixed our maximum EDCs concentration at 10^(-6) M, 10^(-7) M, 10^(-8) M,and 10^(-9) M, which represent 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L, and 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L respectively. Based on the reference we found, we then assumed that the flow rate of water is 1.5L/sec and farmers will irrigate their farmland at the frequency of 7 days.Thus the total flow for each irrigation time will be 86400(sec)*7*1.5(L/sec)=907200(L).The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 24-27) :
+	Figure 18. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration under the unsaturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-9) M
-</p>
+	</font></center></p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/8f/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_1_EDC_concentration.png">
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/10/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--T_of_95_Degradation_Rate_12_EDC_saturation_point.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-<center>
+	Figure 19. time duration for 95%degradation vs EDCs concentration  under the saturated activated carbon with the concentration of 10^(-6) M
-<font size=2>
+	</font></center></p><br><br><br>
-Figure 24. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/83/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_2_EDC_concentration.png">
+	As we can see in the results, the scale of time duration for degrading the unsaturated EDCs solution can up to 10^(15) sec, however, the time duration for degrading the saturated EDCs solution are only 10^(10)sec. This proves that our filter can effectively accumulate EDCs to let our enzyme degrade much more faster.
-</p>
+	</p><br><br><br>
-<p>
+	<center><h1>
-<center>
+	Model 2: Concentration Test
-<font size=2>
+	</h1></center>
-Figure 25. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<h2>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/d/d5/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_3_EDC_concentration.png">
+	Theory and derivation of the Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm from Kinetics
-</p>
+	</h2>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	In general, the rate law can be written as:
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 26. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/15/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_4_EDC_concentration.png">
+	<img width="12.3%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/a/a1/M15.png">
-</p>
+	</p>
+	<p>
+	If we imagine a small pore, adsorption sites near the open ends are different from at the center of the pore. This distinction occurs when the sites possess specific chemical properties. If a concentration is imposed at one end of the pore, solute must diffuse to find an open adsorption site first and it is similar as the desorption case.In this point, the exponent n is a measure of the fractal dimension of the process and the rate constant for fractal reactions is also expected to be proportional to the molecular diffusion coefficient.For both adsorption and desorption reactions but with distinct fractal dimensions (n<sub>i</sub>) and fractal rate constants (k<sub>i</sub>):
+	</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	<img width="19.68%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/e/ea/M16.png">
-<font size=2>
+	</p>
-Figure 27. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<p>
+	<p>
-We can see that as the concentration of EDCs increases, The usage time of filter decreases. It may because the more EDCs are presented in the water, the more activated carbon will bind to it, which than reduces the amount of activated carbon we can utilize and it proves that our filter can eliminate the EDCs in the lower concentration but it can’t afford the concentration of EDCs beyond the safe range. As a result, our detection system can prevent the higher concentration of EDCs flowing into the farmland.
+	At equilibrium, the derivative is equal to zero and the equation can then be solved for S:
-</p>
+	</p>
+	<p>
+	<img width="16.81%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fb/M17.png">
+	</p>
+	<p>
+	Finally, we can transform the equation to the Freundlich Adsorption equation,
+	</p>
-</center>
+	<p>
-</body>
+	<img width="10%" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/2/2c/M18.png">
+	</p>
+	<p><font size=2>
+	C<sub>e</sub> : the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the bulk solution (mg L−1)(the concentration of EDCs)
+	</font><br>
+	<font size=2>
+	K<sub>F</sub> : Freundlich constant indicative of the relative adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (mg1−(1/n) L1/n g−1)
+	</font><br>
-<p>
+	<font size=2>n : Freundlich constant indicative of the intensity of the adsorption
-<center>
+	</font><br>
-<font size=4>
-<b>
-Enzyme Kinetics
-</b>
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<br>
+	<font size=2>
+	q<sub>e</sub>: the amount of solute adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent at equilibrium (mg g−1)(the maximum of the adsorption)
+	</font></p><br>
-<script src="https://gist.github.com/anonymous/3668cd8c80b361855161a3621bdeb031.js"></script>
-<br>
-<br>
-<p>
+	<p>
-<center>
+	To further estimate our filter’s function, we’ve conducted two models based on the Freundlich Adsorption equation as following:
-<font size=4>
+	</p><br><br>
-<b>
-Freundlich Model
-</b>
-</font>
-</center>
-</p>
-<br>
-<script src="https://gist.github.com/anonymous/4065f67ae3b79774a601b86faaff48ab.js"></script>
+	<h2>
+	The adsorption capacity under different EDCs concentration
+	</h2>
-</div>
-<script type="Text/JavaScript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.6/jquery.min.js"></script>
-<script>
+	<p>
+	To test the adsorption capacity under different maximum EDCs concentration, we than fixed our maximum EDCs concentration as Ce at 10^(-6) M, 10^(-7) M, 10^(-8) M,and 10^(-9) M, which represent 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L, and 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L respectively. The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 20-23) :
+	</p>
-	// This is the jquery part of your template.
+	<p>
-	// Try not modify any of this code too much since it makes your menu work.
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/1/19/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_12_EDC_concentration.png">
+	</p>
-	$(document).ready(function() {
+	<p><center><font size=2>
+	Figure 20.  q<sub>e</sub> vs C<sub>e</sub>  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L
+	</font></center></p>
-		$("#HQ_page").attr('id','');
+	<p>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/fa/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_22_EDC_concentration.png">
+	</p>
-		// call the functions that control the menu
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-		menu_functionality();
+	Figure 21.  q<sub>e</sub> vs C<sub>e</sub>  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L
-		hide_show_menu();
+	</font></center></p>
+	<p>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/9/9a/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_32_EDC_concentration.png">
+	</p>
+	<p><center><font size=2>
+	Figure 22. q<sub>e</sub> vs C<sub>e</sub>  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L
+	</font></center></p>
-		//this function controls the expand and collapse buttons of the menu and changes the +/- symbols
+	<p>
-		function menu_functionality() {
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/7/7c/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Freundlich_model_42_EDC_concentration.png">
+	</p>
-			//when clicking on a "menu_button", it will change the "+/-" accordingly and it will show/hide the corresponding submenu
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-			$(".menu_button").click(function(){
+	Figure 23. q<sub>e</sub> vs C<sub>e</sub>  under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L
+	</font></center></p><br><br><br>
-				// add or remove the class "open" , this class holds the "-"
-				$(this).children().toggleClass("open");
-				// show or hide the submenu
-				$(this).next('.submenu_wrapper').fadeToggle(400);
-			});
-			// when the screen size is smaller than 800px, the display_menu_control button appears and will show/hide the whole menu
+	<p>
-			$("#display_menu_control").click(function(){
+	We can see that as the concentration of EDCs (C<sub>e</sub>) increases, the adsorption amount per unit weight of adsorbent at eq. also increases. We deduced that it might because as the concentration arises, the collision frequency between EDCs and our activated carbon increases, leading to the higher amount of adsorbent.
-				$('#menu_content').fadeToggle(400);
+	</p>
-			});
-			// call the current page highlight function
-			highlight_current_page();
-		}
+	<p>
+	The design life of filter under different EDCs concentration
+	</p>
-		// call the highlight current page function to show it on the menu with a different background color
-		function highlight_current_page() {
-			// select a page from the menu based on the id assigned to it and the current page name and add the class "current page" to make it change background color
+	<p>
-			$("#"+  wgPageName.substring(wgPageName.lastIndexOf("/")+1, wgPageName.length ) + "_page").addClass("current_page");
+	To test The design life of filter under different maximum EDCs concentration, we first fixed our amount of activated carbon at 1000g and also fixed our maximum EDCs concentration at 10^(-6) M, 10^(-7) M, 10^(-8) M,and 10^(-9) M, which represent 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L, 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L, and 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L respectively. Based on the reference we found, we then assumed that the flow rate of water is 1.5L/sec and farmers will irrigate their farmland at the frequency of 7 days.Thus the total flow for each irrigation time will be 86400(sec)*7*1.5(L/sec)=907200(L).The results are shown in the following figures(Figure 24-27) :
+	</p>
-			// now that the current_page class has been added to a menu item, make the submenu fade in
+	<p>
-			$(".current_page").parents(".submenu_wrapper").fadeIn(400);
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/0/08/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_12_EDC_concentration.png">
-			// change the +/- symbol of the corresponding menu button
+	</p>
-			$(".current_page").parents(".submenu_wrapper").prev().children().toggleClass("open");
-		}
+	<p><center><font size=2>
+	Figure 24. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-1) mg/L
+	</font></center></p>
+	<p>
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/9/9f/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_22_EDC_concentration.png">
+	</p>
-		// allow button on the black menu bar to show/hide the side menu
-		function hide_show_menu() {
-			// in case you preview mode is selected, the menu is hidden for better visibility
-			if (window.location.href.indexOf("submit") >= 0) {
-				$(".igem_2017_menu_wrapper").hide();
-			}
-			// if the black menu bar has been loaded
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-  			if (document.getElementById('bars_item')) {
+	Figure 25. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-2) mg/L
+	</font></center></p>
-				// when the "bars_item" has been clicked
+	<p>
-				$("#bars_item").click(function() {
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/7/72/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_32_EDC_concentration.png">
-					$("#sideMenu").hide();
+	</p>
-					// show/hide the menu wrapper
+	<p><center><font size=2>
-					$(".igem_2017_menu_wrapper").fadeToggle("100");
+	Figure 26. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-3) mg/L
-				});
+	</font></center></p>
-  			}
-			// because the black menu bars loads at a different time than the rest of the page, this function is set on a time out so it can run again in case it has not been loaded yet
+	<p>
-			else {
+	<img width="90%"src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/8d/T--NTHU_Taiwan--Model--Filter_design_life_42_EDC_concentration.png">
-    				setTimeout(hide_show_menu, 15);
+	</p>
-			}
-		}
-	});
+	<p><center><font size=2>
+	Figure 27. The design life vs EDCs concentration under the maxmium EDCs concentration of 2.2*10^(-4) mg/L
+	</font></center></p><br><br><br>
+	<p>
+	We can see that as the concentration of EDCs increases, The design life of filter decreases. It may because the more EDCs are presented in the water, the more activated carbon will bind to it, which then reduces the amount of activated carbon we can utilize and it proves that our filter can eliminate the EDCs in the lower concentration but it can’t afford the concentration of EDCs beyond the safe range.
+	</p><br><br><br>
-</script>
+	<center><h2>
+	Enzyme Kinetics
+	</h2></center><br>
+	<script src="https://gist.github.com/anonymous/4065f67ae3b79774a601b86faaff48ab.js"></script>
+	<center><h2>
+	Freundlich Model
+	</h2></center><br>
+	<script src="https://gist.github.com/anonymous/3668cd8c80b361855161a3621bdeb031.js"></script>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h2>Reference</h2>
+<br><br>
+<p>
+. Dong, S., Mao, L., Luo, S., Zhou, L., Feng, Y., & Gao, S. (2014). Comparison of lignin
+peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase for catalyzing the removal of nonylphenol from the water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(3), 2358-2366.
+</p>
+<p>
+. http://www.hccfa.org.tw/
+</p>
+<p>
+. Hamdaoui, O., & Naffrechoux, E. (2007). Modeling of adsorption isotherms of phenol and
+chlorophenols onto granular activated carbon: Part I. Two-parameter models and equations
+allowing determination of thermodynamic parameters. Journal of Hazardous materials, 147(1),
+-394.
+</p>
+<p>
+. Skopp, J. (2009). Derivation of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm from kinetics. J. Chem.
+Educ, 86(11), 1341.
+</p>
+<p>5. Choi, K. J., Kim, S. G., Kim, C. W., & Kim, S. H. (2005). Effects of activated carbon types
+and service life on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals: amitrole, nonylphenol, and
+bisphenol-A. Chemosphere, 58(11), 1535-1545.
+</p>
+	</div>
+</div>
 </html>

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