Difference between revisions of "Team:NYMU-Taipei/Nitrogen starvation"

　　With the development of global economy in the latest demands of energy in world, an average Taiwanese produces around 2.58 metric tons of carbon emission a year. This number far surpasses those of China, Japan and South Korea. Our project, as a result, works to use biofuel as an alternative fossil fuel to reduce the current energy crisis. In our lab, we use microalgae as the source of biofuel since they have the greatest capability of producing large amount of oil.

　　Our project aims to increase oil accumulation through nitrogen starvation, which was brought up in a research we came upon. Under nitrogen starvation, de novo synthesis of triacylglycerol from acyl-CoA increases. Acyl moieties derived from the degradation of membrane lipids then recycle into triacylglycerol, increasing carbon flux towards glycerol-3 -phosphate and acyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis. As such, the oil accumulation under nitrogen starvation will increase.

　　There are currently two types of cultivated systems: open-pond and closed bioreactors. While open-pond costs way lower than closed bioreactors, open-pond cultivate microalgae is with significantly lower oil contents. Many microalgae farms today cultivate microalgae in closed ponds, where regulations are made to keep the nitrogen level low. This method, though, consumes lots of energy due to the need to maintain proper temperature, nutrition, light, and other growing factors. We want to develop a new method that allows microalgae to reach nitrogen starvation in open-pond, and thus reaching the same effectiveness of closed bioreactors with the affordable price of open-pond.

Design

　　NrtA protein sticks to the periplasmic membrane through a flexible linker to capture nitrite or nitrate in the periplasm. Then delivery to the transmembrane complex that made by NrtB. In our project, we try to transform NrtA gene from cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to E.coli, and then co-culture the engineered E.coli with microalgae. Engineered E.coli will be capable of clutching nitrite or nitrate present in the environment. They will not intake nitrate or nitrite since the gas accumulation may be lethal to cells. But the amount of cells that contain nitrite will decrease. Therefore, the microalgae will undergo nitrogen starvation and produce oil more efficiently.

　　After building up the nitrogen starvation and extracting oil from microalgae, we need to kill E.coli to prevent contamination. So we plan to use endolysin and holin for cell lysis, which is similar to the mechanism used by team PeKing (2014 iGEM Beijing). Holin can trigger the formation of holes on cell membrane. When holin successfully forms holes on cell membrane, endolysin can pass through the membrane to decompose peptidoglycan. E.coli is lysed after the cell membrane and cell wall are destroyed. To control the suicide timing, we designed an inducible promoter for holin, so that we can induce E.coli suicide at the exact time we want.

Experiments

PCC 6803 gDNA extraction

NrtA expression

endolysin construct

holin construct

endolysin-holin construct

endolysin-holin-NrtA construct

*See our parts: click

*See our experiments protocols: click

Functional Test

PCC 6803 gDNA extraction

Reference

J.W. Allen et al. (2015). Triacylglycerol synthesis during nitrogen stress involves the prokaryotic lipid synthesis pathway and acyl chain remodeling in the microalgae Coccomyxa subellipsoidea. Algal Research, 10, 110–120.
G. Breuer et al. (2012). The impact of nitrogen starvation on the dynamics of triacylglycerol accumulation in nine microalgae strains. Bioresource Technology, 124, 217–226.
Valledor et al. (2014). System-level network analysis of nitrogen starvation and recovery in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals potential new targets for increased lipid accumulation. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 7:171.
S. Zhu et al. (2014). Metabolic changes of starch and lipid triggered by nitrogen starvation in the microalga Chlorella zofingiensis. Bioresource Technology, 152, 292–298.
J. Jia et al. (2015). Molecular mechanisms for photosynthetic carbon partitioning into storage neutral lipids in Nannochloropsis oceanica under nitrogen-depletion conditions. Algal Research, 7, 66–77.
S.K. Lenka et al. (2016). Current advances in molecular, biochemical, and computational modeling analysis of microalgal triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Biotechnology Advances, 34, 1046–1063
A.J. Klok et al. (2013). A model for customising biomass composition in continuous microalgae production. Bioresource Technology, 146, 89–100.
H. Abedini Najafabadi et al. (2015). Effect of various carbon sources on biomass and lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris during nutrient sufficient and nitrogen starvation conditions. Bioresource Technology, 180, 311–317.
Yu et al. (2011). Modifications of the metabolic pathways of lipid and triacylglycerol production in microalgae. Microbial Cell Factories, 10:91.

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-				<p>　　With the development of global economy in the latest demands of energy in world, an average Taiwanese produces around 2.58 billion tons of carbon emission a year.
+				<p>　　With the development of global economy in the latest demands of energy in world, an average Taiwanese produces around 2.58 metric tons of carbon emission a year.
 					This number far surpasses those of China, Japan and South Korea.
 					Our project, as a result, works to use biofuel as an alternative fossil fuel to reduce the current energy crisis.
 					In our lab, we use microalgae as the source of biofuel since they have the greatest capability of producing large amount of oil. </p>
-				<p>　　Our project aims to increases oil accumulation through nitrogen starvation, which was brought up in a research we came upon.
+				<p>　　Our project aims to increase oil accumulation through nitrogen starvation, which was brought up in a research we came upon.
 					Under nitrogen starvation, de novo synthesis of triacylglycerol from acyl-CoA increases.
 					Acyl moieties derived from the degradation of membrane lipids then recycle into triacylglycerol, increasing carbon flux towards glycerol-3 -phosphate and acyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis.
 					As such, the oil accumulation under nitrogen starvation will increase.</p>
-				<p>　　There are currently two types of cultivating systems: open-pond and closed bioreactors.
+				<p>　　There are currently two types of cultivated systems: open-pond and closed bioreactors.
-					While open-pond costs way lower than closed bioreactors, open-pond cultivate microalgae with significantly lower oil contents.
+					While open-pond costs way lower than closed bioreactors, open-pond cultivate microalgae is with significantly lower oil contents.
 					Many microalgae farms today cultivate microalgae in closed ponds, where regulations are made to keep the nitrogen level low.
 					This method, though, consumes lots of energy due to the need to maintain proper temperature, nutrition, light, and other growing factors.
@@ Line 203: / Line 203: @@
 					Therefore, the microalgae will undergo nitrogen starvation and produce oil more efficiently.</p>
 				<p>　　After building up the nitrogen starvation and extracting oil from microalgae, we need to kill <i>E.coli</i> to prevent contamination.
-					So we plan to use endolysin and holin for cell lysis, which is similar to the mechanism used by team Pecking  (2014 iGEM Beijing).
+					So we plan to use endolysin and holin for cell lysis, which is similar to the mechanism used by team PeKing  (2014 iGEM Beijing).
 					Holin can trigger the formation of holes on cell membrane.
-					When holin successfully triggers holes on cell membrane, endolysin can pass through the membrane to decompose peptidoglycan.
+					When holin successfully forms holes on cell membrane, endolysin can pass through the membrane to decompose peptidoglycan.
 					<i>E.coli</i> is lysed after the cell membrane and cell wall are destroyed.
 					To control the suicide timing, we designed an inducible promoter for holin, so that we can induce <i>E.coli</i> suicide at the exact time we want.</p>
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-				<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/83/T--NYMU-Taipei--nitrogen_starvation_design.png" width="80%">
-				</center>
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