Weeds and pests are the most important damages to agronomy system, which resulted in agriculture economic losses of more than $20.4 billion in 1972. Merely taking the United States as an example, the damage is $8.4 billion a year, while pests account for 40% and weeds account for 60%. In our country, China, the crop yield loss is almost fifty million kilogram per year.
Therefore, the prevention and management of weeds & pests are indispensable to guarantee the agricultural production. The common way to control them is spraying the chemicals termed herbicides and pesticides.
The first pesticide DDT appeared in 1939, which widely spread after the Second World War. People saw its tremendous potential through its high efficiency and lethality rate. Then synthetic organic pesticides quickly covered almost all fields where dedicates to controlling weeds and pests.
But problems gradually showed up.
Resistance problem
At first, unprepared pest insects and weeds were easily killed, but this situation didn't last long because of the resistance occurrence.
According to history, in 1989, there were 432 kinds of resistant insects in the world, and in 2008, the number updated to 589, of which 392 kinds were agricultural pests. What’s worse, beneficial insects, insect-eating birds, frogs and snakes are suffering as well from low selectivity chemicals.
As for wild grass, since the first one anti-2, 4-D wild carrots were found in the 1950s, weeds resistance problem has been always accompanying global agriculture development. Declared by Herbicide Resistance Committee (belongs to Weed Society Of America), as of May 21, 2014, resistant weeds occupied nearly 55% in total resistant organisms and they distributed among 65 countries, 82 kinds of crops.
Figure 1. International distribution of anti-herbicide weeds
Through figure 2, we can find that in the first 20 years, the occurrence of resistant weeds was very slow. But when getting into the mid and late-1980s, the number increased in a stunning speed and the growth rate shows a trend of nearly straitening up.
Figure 2. Statistic of global resistant weeds
In the meantime, it is proved that these malignant weeds resist to 155 different herbicides and 22 of the 25 known herbicide acting spots became no effective. So they are too hard to manage.
Pollution & Poisoning
All serious situations above indicate that human is in need of a new cure for weeds and pests damage. For the sake of addressing this challenge, this year Lanzhou iGEM team aims at creating a kind of Bio-pesticides which is harmless, eco-friendly and without resistance problem.
