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Revision as of 11:38, 29 October 2017

MainPage

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy - An iGEM Approach

In light of the iGEM competition, the need for analyzing the 3D structures of hydrogel and E. coli at micrometer scales has arisen. Our project aim is to construct a low cost Digital Inline Holography Microscope (DIHM). The DIHM features an ease-of-use, lens-less inline structure, and a state-of-art reconstruction algorithms from holograms to 3D visualization with micrometer resolution. The working principle of a DIHM starts with a point laser source, emanating a spherical wave through a pinhole, illuminating the object to be observed, and forming a magnified diffraction pattern at the image sensor, followed by reconstruction algorithms. The holograms collected by the image sensor already contains the difference of intensity and phase shifts, compared with the reference beam from the spherical wave. Thus, the inline structure without the need of a lens or beam splitter. Our project uses easily accessible hardware components: an xbox 360 pickup as the laser source, DIYouware PCB board for the alignment and laser intensity control (TO BE REVISED LATER), a 1 µm pinhole, a Pi-cam and a Raspberry Pi for taking pictures, and certain 3D printed parts to assemble the microscope. The open source library Holopy is then deployed to reconstruct the 3D volumes from the holograms.

Introduction

Digital inline holography microscopy is a special technique to recover object properties from interference patterns. We will explain the working principle in greater detail later on, but first let us show the basic properties of our DIHM setup in a short video. The light coming from a bright LED is sent through a pinhole. The light waves are spherical diffracted. At small samples, e.g. E. coli, the wavefront is scattered. Small fringes are created. The unscattered waves serves as reference template. Everything is captured on a camera screen.

The resulting hologram needs to be computational analyzed. We present an 'easy-to-use' interface for a commonly used analyzation package in our software section. First, we invited to check-out what we could achieve and then how to get our own DIHM.

Achievements

It achieves!

Get It

Micromanipulators

In order to align our DIHM setup, it is necessary to focus the brightest spot of the light source to the pinhole. Due to the tiny dimension of this setup, we need to manipulate the objects in the micrometer level. Therefore, we tested different micromanipulators. We started with a concept of BDan from Thingiverse, which lacks flexibility and proportion. Later on, we tried 3D printed joint micromanipulators, movable with a screw. They failed on accuracy and the ability to move in more than one dimension. Our last and final approach is to split the movement axes using screws for control, as demonstrated below:

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Figure 1. Our micromanipulator setup. By turning the threads, we can precisely change the two axis alignment.
 

In the figure shown above, the green stack functions as a frame to fixate the screws. Thereby, one end is attached with springs allowing more bounce and flexibility. The yellow and the red stacks enable the alignment control in the x and y direction, correspondingly. The camera is then placed onto the red stack to record holograms once the light source, the object to be observed, and the camera is properly aligned.

 

Light Sources

We tested a variety of different light sources for DIHM. We started with an upcycling idea: why not use an old X-Box One's DVD Pickup, the advantage being the little cost for a reliable laser source. DIyouware Bros gives a detailed instruction on how to use the pickup, and a customized PCB board as a micromanipulator to align the laser source at desired position with micrometer precision, and to control the intensity of the laser. However, a fatal disadvantage was discovered during our tests with the experimental setup. A Fresnel lense is integrated onto the laser diode within the pickup, producing an undesired interference pattern, thus destroying the recorded holograms. Other approaches are using an LED, a collimated light source, and a pinhole, to produce point source eminating spherical waves. The disadvantages of common LEDs is the low intensity, and the little coherence time compared to the laser source. The brightness can be compensated with high power LEDs, such as the ones used in fishkeeping, or even better, smartphone flash lights. Imagine a DIHM adapter for a smartphone: nowadays, most samrtphones have tremendously bright flash lights. They are common LEDs with a high intensity peak lying in the blue light spectrum making it easy to detect in our experimental setup.


Electronics

Our initial plan was to use an Xbox DVD Pickup as the laser source, as it provides 405 nm, 650 nm, and 780 nm laser point source with possible laser alignment and intensity control by using a customized PCB board. However, as we experimented with the pickup, we found out that the hologram was greatly destructed by the grating (more specs?) within the pickup. Thus we opted out on the pickup and PCB idea. Instead, our setup now consists solely of a simple (LED source + pinhole) / (Laser source + lenses + optics fiber), a micromanipulator and stage for alignment, and a Picam with RapsberryPi 3 for the recorded holograms.

 

pisetup
Figure 2. A Raspberry Pi is connected to a Raspi Pi Cam, which features a webserver for retrieving the captured pictures online. The electronics setup can be powered with batteries or a smartphone charger, which enormously increases the flexibility.

 

As shown in the picture above, RaspberryPi 3 is connected to power, Pi cam, and the LAN cable for internet connection. A webcam server is then setup with local host configuration such that a live stream from the Picam can be accessed via a browser on another PC. The webcam server is also customized with a GUI to record images or videos, adjust camera settings such as ISO, resolution, and save the recorded data on the server for eventual downloading.

Working Principle

The working principle of digital holographic microscopy relies on the interference pattern, i.e. the hologram, which encodes 3D information in a 2D picture, and the 3D reconstruction algorithm, to extract the 3D information from the recorded holograms. The interference pattern comes from the joint wavefronts of the object beam and the reference beam. As indicated in the picture below, a coherent collimated light source is splitted into two beams: The object beam passing through the lens and the object to be observed, and the reference beam pertaining the phase and coherence of the light source. The joint wavefronts form the hologram, which is recorded by an image sensor. The 3D reconstruction algorithm then functions as a digital lens, cutting the joint wavefronts in minuscule distances near the object, rendering a stack of cross-sectional wavefronts. Based on the stack of wavefronts, or interference patterns, the image of the object can be reconstructed in different depths, thus achieving an axial resolution for 3D imaging.


DHM
Figure 3. Simple DHM setup: From left to the right: A laser beam is splitted in object and reference beam with a beam splitter. A series of optics focus the beam on the sample and magnifies the interference pattern. A second beam splitter superposes reference and object beam on the camera screen (picture taken from [17]).


The inline flavor of the DIHM kicks in when neither lenses nor beam splitters are needed as in the typical DHM setup. Instead a point light source is used, which can be produced by passing a collimated light source through a pinhole. The point source creates a spherical wave, illuminates the object, and reaches the image sensor containing the joint wavefronts of both, the reference beam and the object beam. Due to the fact that the peripheral of the wavefront passes by and remains unaffected by the object, the reference beam, and that the wavefront passes through the object, forming the object beam.


Figure 4. Simple DIHM setup: From left to the right: camera, sample, pinhole and light source (LED).



In the above picture, a laser source of wavelength λ emanates from a pin hole, forming a spherical wave. A small object is typically placed a few thousand wavelengths from the source, reaching the image sensor much further away such that magnification is achieved. Small object means that the object should only block a small fraction of the spherical cone wavefront recorded on the image sensor. Otherwise classical diffraction dominates the image, where 3D reconstruction based on holography would no longer work as lack of reference beam.


The 3D reconstruction algorithm uses the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz transform to reconstruct the wavefront one at a time, on several planes at various distances near the object. When the stacks of reconstructions are made, 3D image with depth information can be built.

 

References

[1] Shiraki, A., Taniguchi, Y., Shimobaba, T., Masuda, N., Ito, T. (2012) Handheld and low-cost digital holographic microscopy.
arXiv:1211.0336
[2] Cotte, Y., Toy, F., Jourdain, P., Pavillon, N., Boss, D., Magistretti, P., Marquet, P., Depeursinge (2013) Marker-free phase nanoscopy Nature Photonics, 7 (2):113
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.329
[3] Giuliano, C. B., Zhang, R., Wilson, L. G. (2014) Digital Inline Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects Journal of Visualized Experiments, DOI:10.3791/50488
[4] Molaei, M., Sheng, J. (2014) Imaging bacterial 3D motion using digital inline holographic microscopy and correlation-based de-noising algorithm Optics Express, DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.032119
[5] Braat, J., Dirksen, P., Janssen, A. J. E. M. (2003) Diffractive Read-Out of Optical Discs, Optical Imaging
Springer Verlag
[6] DDeng, Y., Chu, D., (2017) Coherence properties of different light sources and their effect on the image sharpness and speckle of holographic displays, Scientific Report,
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06215-x
[7] Jericho, M. H., Kreuzer, H.J., (2011), Point Source Digital In-Line Holographic Microscopy, Chapter 1, Coherent Light Microscopy, Springer Series in Surface Sciences 46, 46
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15813-1_1
[8] Rostykus, M., Moser, C. (2017) Compact lensless off-axis transmission digital holographic microscope, Optics Express, DOI: 10.1364/OE.25.016652
[9] Reichert, C. C., Herkommer, A., Claus, D. (2016) Das Smartphone als Mikroskop, AT-Fachverlag GmbH,
www.biophotonik.de
[10] Moon, I., Daneshpanah, M., Anand, A., Javidi, B. (2011) Cell Identification Computational 3-D Holographic Microscopy, Optics & Photonics, 22 (6),
[11] Greenbaum, A., Luo, W., Su, T., Göröcs, Z., Xue, L., Isikman S., Coskun, A., Mudanyali, O., Ozcan, A. (2012) Imaging without lenses: achievments and remaining challenges of wide-field on-chip microscopy, Nature America, DOI:10.1038/nmeth.2114
[12] beniroquai (2017) Blog, https://beniroquai.wordpress.com/2016/01/20/holoscope-linsenloses-holographisches-mikroskop/, last visited: 10/15/2017
[13] BDan (2015) micromanipulator, Thingiverse, https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:923865/#files, last visited: 10/15/2017
[14] "Do-it-yourself" project for steering HD-DVD pickup homepage: http://www.diyouware.com/ last visited: 10/15/2017
[15] "HoloPy, a python framework for analyzing digital holographs, manoharan lab, Harvard https://github.com/manoharan-lab/holopy last visited: 10/18/2017
[16] "HoloPy, documentation, https://holopy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/users/index.html last visited: 10/18/2017
[17] Optical DHM setup from Wikipedia User:Egelberg, title OpticalSetupDHM, License CC BY-SA 3.0, last visited on 10/18/17
[18] Kirchhoff-Helmholtz transform, G. Kirchhoff, Ann. d. Physik. 1883, 2, 18, p. 663