Difference between revisions of "Team:Sydney Australia/Patent Law"

Line 36: Line 36:
 
         }).change();
 
         }).change();
 
     });
 
     });
 +
   
 +
    $(document).ready(function(){
 +
        $("select1").change(function(){
 +
            $( "select option:selected").each(function(){
 +
                if($(this).attr("value")=="10”){
 +
                    $(".box").hide();
 +
                    $(".patent_10”).show();
 +
                }
 +
                if($(this).attr("value")=="2"){
 +
                    $(".box").hide();
 +
                    $(".patent_11”).show();
 +
                }
 +
                if($(this).attr("value")=="3"){
 +
                    $(".box").hide();
 +
                    $(".patent_12”).show();
 +
                }
 +
                if($(this).attr("value")=="4"){
 +
                    $(".box").hide();
 +
                    $(".patent_13”).show();
 +
                }
 +
                if($(this).attr("value")=="5"){
 +
                    $(".box").hide();
 +
                    $(".patent_14”).show();
 +
                }
 +
                if($(this).attr("value")=="6"){
 +
                    $(".box").hide();
 +
                    $(".patent_15”).show();
 +
                }
 +
            });
 +
        }).change();
 +
    });
 +
 +
   
 +
   
 
</script>
 
</script>
 
<style>  
 
<style>  
Line 1,799: Line 1,833:
 
<center><h1><b>2.</b> Method Patents</h1></center>
 
<center><h1><b>2.</b> Method Patents</h1></center>
 
<div class="box4"></div>
 
<div class="box4"></div>
−
<h4><center><br>In looking at patents, we first considered looking at different methods of production – particularly whether or not bacillus secretory methods are patented for insulin production. <br><br>From a preliminary search, bacillus secretion has been previously patented however most are now expired. If it is possible to find a patent using the same method of production as a previously patented product, it will not infringe anyone elses intellectual property. </h4>
+
</h4><center>In looking at patents, we first considered looking at different methods of production – particularly whether or not bacillus secretory methods are patented for insulin production. <br><br>From a preliminary search, bacillus secretion has been previously patented however most are now expired. If it is possible to find a patent using the same method of production as a previously patented product, it will not infringe anyone elses intellectual property. </h4>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
<body>
 +
<div class="row">
 +
        <select1>
 +
            <option value="choose2”>Choose a patent</option>
 +
            <option value="10”>Stahl et al. 1985</option>
 +
            <option value=“11”>Kovacevic et al. 1991</option>
 +
            <option value=“12”>Berka et al. 1996</option>
 +
            <option value=“13”>Widner et al. 2001</option>
 +
            <option value=“14”>Bedzyk et al. 2001</option>
 +
        </select1>
 +
    </div>
 +
    <div class="row">
 +
    <div class="choose2 box"><h4> relatively important PATENT STUFF</h4></div>
 +
    <div class="patent_10 box">Stahl et al. 1985</div>
 +
    <div class="patent_11 box">KOVACEVIC</div>
 +
    <div class="patent_12 box">BERKA</div>
 +
    <div class="patent_13 box">WIDNER</div>
 +
    <div class="patent_14 box">BEDZYK</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
<div class = "row" id = "nav3">
 
<div class = "row" id = "nav3">
 
<div class = "content" id="please">
 
<div class = "content" id="please">
−
<div class = "insert'></div>
+
<div class = "insert"></div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
Line 1,811: Line 1,865:
 
<div class = "row">
 
<div class = "row">
 
<div class = "content" id="please">
 
<div class = "content" id="please">
−
<center><h1><b>3.</b> Orange Book / FDA</h1></center>
+
<center><h1><b>3.</b> Orange Book/FDA</h1><center>
−
<div class="box5"></div>
+
<div class="box5">
−
<h4><center><br>We also, for thoroughness, considered patents without single chain insulin to identify whether existing commercial / FDA products involved patented methods, that may be broad enough to include both insulin and single chain insulin. <br><br>Looking through the Orange Book, a drug database showing all products that have been approved -  including their therapeutic equivalences, our team searched through ALL 101 ENTRIES that corresponded to insulin to determine whether or not we fell within a claim. </h4>
+
<h4><center>
 +
We also, for thoroughness, considered patents without single chain insulin to identify whether existing commercial / FDA products involved patented methods, that may be broad enough to include both insulin and single chain insulin. <br><br>Looking through the Orange Book, a drug database showing all products that have been approved -  including their therapeutic equivalences, our team searched through ALL 101 ENTRIES that corresponded to insulin to determine whether or not we fell within a claim.  
 +
</center></h4>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>

Revision as of 11:47, 26 October 2017

Aim

In constructing the sequence of a single chain insulin we had to ensure that our sequence was not under any existing patents so that we could submit our sequence into the Open Source iGEM registry. With a bit of help from Maxwell Lawyers we went through several single chain insulin patents, method patents and existing patents for current insulin dispensing devices/therapeutics using the FDA orange book. The goal was to make sure our work did not come under any existing patents so we would not infringe any ownership rights.

How to read a patent



After our chat with Uppsala (check it out in collaborations), our team realised that patents are a very poorly understood area, particularly for young aspiring scientists with new and challenging ideas.

With a resident legal student in our team - we created a quick checklist on How to read a patent

KEY CONSIDERATIONS

1. Patents give an exclusive commercial right to the invention aka. a monopoly

2. The "claims" of a patent, detail what is covered by the patent.

3. If it is NOT in the patent; it is NOT patentable.

It is with this little checklist that we approached the analysis of a wide range of patents:

1. Single Chain Insulin Patents

Although our team attempted to be thorough, we recognise that not all patents can be checked. However, we targeted patents with the greatest relevance to avoid legal suits that may arise. Our primary concern was single chain insulin patents since they have only been recently explored in greater depth and quoted to have benefits like enhanced thermostability. As these single chain insulins are likely to be the next insulin product in the market, we wanted to create one, outside the scope of existing patents, to characterise and compare our product.

Importantly there is an exception in patents for research purposes. This means that if the work you performed is for research purposes only, you do not infringe the relevant patent. You cannot however, submit the part into the open source registry or try and commercialise it. As we are submitting 'Winsulin,' our single chain insulin, it must not be patented.



HELP RUBY HELP RUBY HELP RUBY

.

 

DIMARCHI ET AL.

Single Chain Insulin with high bioactivity

Patent No: US 9458,220 B2

October 4th 2016

 

 

CLAIM

 

COMPARISON WITH OUR SEQUENCE

 

Y/N

 

A single chain insulin agonist analogue with stricture of B-LM-A wherein B represents an insulin B chain comprising the sequence R22X25LCGX29…  and A represents an insulin A chain comprising the sequence

GIVX4X5CCX8…-R13

 

Both insulin A and B chains involve R groups which stand for modifications eg. carboxylation. As our insulin B chain does not contain any modifications (except an additional glycine at the A chain), our construct is outside the patent

 

N

 

 

Furthermore the linking moiety linking the carboxy terminus of the B chain to the amino terminus of the A chain; further wherein the linking moiety is an 8 amino acid sequence comprising of the sequence X51X52GSSSX57X58 wherein

X51 = group consisting of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, isoleucine and ornithine

X52 = any amino acid other than tyrosine

X57 and X58 are independently selected form the ground consisting of arginine, lysine and ornithine

 

 

Our amino acid sequence is squarely outside the scope of 8 amino acids.

 

Even if we did fall within the claim; we do not contain the 8 amino acid sequence using both potential orientations

 

X51 is glutamine or arginine in our sequence

 

 

B-chain – QR . . . RR – A-chain

N

 

The LM also requires the sequence of GAGSSSRR or a sequence that differs from GAGSSRR by 1 or 2 amino acids

 

Our sequence is 12 amino acids long and differs by more than 4 amino acids.

N

 

LM represents linking moiety linking the carboxyl terminus of the B chain to the amino terminus of the a chain, wherein said linking moiety is an 8 amino acid sequence consisting of X51X52X53X54... wherein X51 is selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and proline…

 

Similarly, the patent claim is over an 8 amino acid sequence. Applying the same principle our;

 

X51 is glutamine or arginine (depending on orientation) and outside the scope

N

 

LEE ET AL.

Single Chain Insulin Analog and a polynucleotide sequence encoding the analog

Patent No: US 6,630,348 B1

October 7th 2003

 

 

CLAIM

 

COMPARISON WITH OUR SEQUENCE

 

Y/N

 

A single chain insulin analogue compound of formula (I) having the properties of greater insulin receptor binding activity than proinsulin and less insulin receptor binding activity than insulin:


B chain -  X – A chain wherein:

 

General B – X – A chain single chain formula

Y

 

B and A chain are human insulin chains, respectively and,

 

 

Our B and A chain are human insulin chains although our A chain includes a modification (additional glycine)

 

N

X is a joining peptide of about 5 to 18 amino acids comprising the following sequence: Gly-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly- Lys-Arg

 

Where the term ‘comprising’ is included, the patent requires that the specific sequence named MUST be part of the linker region.

 

Although our sequence is 12 amino acids long, it does not contain the ‘GGGPGLR’ identified in the patent

 

N

 

LEE ET AL.

Single Chain Insulin Analogs

Patent No: EP 1 193 272 B1

October 30th 2004

 

 

CLAIM

 

COMPARISON WITH OUR SEQUENCE

 

Y/N

 

A single chain insulin analogue compound of formula (I) having the properties of greater insulin receptor binding activity than prosinsulin and less insulin receptor binding activity than insulin:

 

B Chain – UI – Zn – Y – ZI – Un – A chain

 

 

 

B and A chain are human insulin chains respectively and

 

 

We have a modified A chain

N

 

U is an arginine or lysine residue

 

Our ‘U’ is glutamine

N

 

Z is a glycine

 

 

Z Is Glycine

Y

 

 

I is an integer of 2 – n

N is an integer of 0 or 2 and

 

The maximum size of the linker sequence when considering this is 9 amino acids. Since our sequence is 12 amino acids they are outside the scope

 

N

 

Y is glycine-proline-glycine, or alanine-proline-glycine-aspartic acid–valine, or tyrosine-proline-glycine-aspartic acid-valine, or histidine-proline-glycine-aspartic acid-valine.

 

 

 

Our sequence has no proline

 

N

 

KJELDSEN ET AL.

Single Chain insulin

Patent No: EP 1692168 B1

December 3rd, 2004

 

 

CLAIM

 

COMPARISON WITH OUR SEQUENCE

 

Y/N


Single-chain insulin for treatment of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes having the formula

B(1-26)- X1 - X2 - X3- X4- A (1-21),

B - linker - A formula

Y


B(1-26) is a peptide chain consisting of the first 26 amino acid residues of the B chain of human insulin counted from the N-terminal end of the B chain or an analogue of the B-chain with one addition or one deletion of one of the amino acid residues in the B-chain or derivative of the B-chain being chemically modified by introducing a group in the side chain in one or more positions of the B-chain or by oxidation or reduction of the side chains of the amino acids residues in the B-chain,


Our B chain consists of 28 AA. Although the patents contain different versions eg ‘an analogue of the B-chain with one addition or deletion’ – the total length of the B-chain must STILL be 26AA.

N


and A(1-21) is the natural insulin A chain or an analogue thereof with one addition or one deletion of one of the amino acid residues in the A-chain or derivative of the A-chain being chemically modified by introducing a group in the side chain in one or more positions of the A-chain or by oxidation or reduction of the side chains of the amino acids residues in the A-chain, wherein

In our sequence construct – the A chain is 22 amino acids long. Just like in the B-chain (it only covers a TOTAL of 21 AA). Even though our A chain contains the addition of an amino acid (glycine), the length is too long for the patent to operate over.

N


X4 does not contain two adjacent basic amino acid residues and wherein the single-chain insulin has an affinity to the human insulin receptor of at least about 20% of that of human insulin if the single-chain insulin molecule is not chemically modified by acylation.

We have 2 adjacent basic amino acid residues and the affinity cannot be tested

N


wherein X1 is Thr, Lys or Arg


X1 is glutamine

N


X2 is Pro, Lys or Asp,


X2 is arginine

N


X3 is Lys, Pro or Glu,

 

 

X3 is glycine

N

 

X4 is a peptide sequence with the following formula Xa-Xb-Xc-Xd-Xe-XfXg (SEQ ID NO:129) wherein

 

Xa is selected from the group consisting of L, R, T, A, H, Q, G, S and V;

 

Xb is selected from the group consisting of W, G, S, A, H, R, and T;

 

Xc is selected from the group consisting of L, Y, M, H, R, T, Q, K, V, S, A, G and P;

 

Xd is selected from the group consisting of R, A, Y, M, S, N, H, and G;

Xe is selected from the group consisting of S, R, A, T, K, P, N, M, H, Q, V, and G;

 

Xf is selected from the group consisting of G and A; and

 

Xg is selected from the group consisting of K, R, P, H, F, T, I, Q, W, and A,

The total linker length that can be formulated from Xa – Xg is 7 amino acids with the three other residues for X1 – X3. This totals to a maximum linker length of 10 amino acids. Our linker is 12 amino acids long.

N

 

WEISS ET AL.

Fibrillation-resistant insulin and insulin analogues

Patent No:EP 2074140 B1

April 6th, 2009

 

 

CLAIM

 

COMPARISON WITH OUR SEQUENCE

 

Y/N


An insulin analogue comprising a single chain polypeptide containing an insulin A-chain polypeptide and an insulin B-chain polypeptide connected by a truncated linker,

 

Our linker is truncated from the entire C-peptide to 12 amino acids and has the general formula of B-X-A where our linker is

QRGGGSGGGQRR

 

Y

 

wherein the truncated linker is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

 

 

a polypeptide having the sequence GGGPRR

 


No proline

N

 

a polypeptide having the sequence GGPRR

 


No proline

N

 

a polypeptide having the sequence GSEQRR

 


No glutamate

N

 

a polypeptide having the sequence RREQR

 


No glutamate

N

 

a polypeptide having the sequence RREALQKR

 


No glutamate

N

 

a polypeptide having the sequence GAGPRR

 


No proline

N

 

a polypeptide having the sequence GPRR

 


No proline

N

 

wherein the insulin B-chain polypeptide optionally contains one or more of:

an aspartate substitution at the position corresponding to position B10 of insulin,

a lysine or an aspartate substitution at the position corresponding to position B28 of insulin, and

a proline substitution at the position corresponding to position B29 of insulin

 

Our B-chain is native human insulin

N


and wherein the insulin A-chain polypeptide contains a histidine substitution at the position corresponding to position A8 of insulin.

Our A-chain does not contain the relevant substitution and only an additional glycine

N

 

STOWELL ET AL.

Chemically and thermodynamically stable insulin analogues and improved

methods for their production

Patent No: US 9006176 B2

October 16th 2012

 

 

CLAIM

 

COMPARISON WITH OUR SEQUENCE

 

Y/N

 

A single chain insulin (SCI) compound of formula a(I):

 

B chain - C’ – A Chain (Formula (I))

 

having the properties of higher affinity for the insulin receptor and lower affinity for the IGF-1 receptor as compared to those of native proinsulin with chemical and thermodynamic degradation profiles such that the SCI can be formulated and stored for extended periods of time without refrigeration;

 

 

Correct linker formulation of B-linker-A

Y

 

W herein B chain and A chain are modified human insulin chains; and

 

 

Y

 

Wherein C’ covalently links the C-terminus of the B chain to the N-terminus of the A chain, and is a peptide of 5 amino acids comprising the following sequence: Y-P-G-D-X (SEQ ID NO: 1); wherein X is any amino acid;

 

No proline (P) and no aspartic acid (D)

N

 

wherein the B chain is modified from a native human insulin B chain (SEQ ID NO:11), and A chain is modified from a native human insulin A chain (SEQ ID NO:10), wherein the modifications comprise one or more mutations at

 

(1) Gln5, Gln15, Asn18, or Asn21 of SEQ ID NO:10, or

 

(2) Asn3 or Gln5 of SEQ ID NO:11; resulting in enhanced resistance to deamidation.

 

 

 

 

 

B is not modified and A chain does not have similar modifications, rather an addition at residue 1 without the purpose of resisting deamination.

N

2. Method Patents

In looking at patents, we first considered looking at different methods of production – particularly whether or not bacillus secretory methods are patented for insulin production.

From a preliminary search, bacillus secretion has been previously patented however most are now expired. If it is possible to find a patent using the same method of production as a previously patented product, it will not infringe anyone elses intellectual property.

relatively important PATENT STUFF

Stahl et al. 1985
KOVACEVIC
BERKA
WIDNER
BEDZYK

3. Orange Book/FDA

We also, for thoroughness, considered patents without single chain insulin to identify whether existing commercial / FDA products involved patented methods, that may be broad enough to include both insulin and single chain insulin.

Looking through the Orange Book, a drug database showing all products that have been approved - including their therapeutic equivalences, our team searched through ALL 101 ENTRIES that corresponded to insulin to determine whether or not we fell within a claim.