Difference between revisions of "Team:Sydney Australia/Entrepreneurship"

 
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<h1>An Open Source Business Model, Can It Work?</h1>
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<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;text-align:center;"> Throughout the duration of the iGEM competitions, we ended up <a href ="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/HP/Gold_Integrated">talking</a> to several different people who gave us perspective on the reality of making our project into a small business. This included Mike from INCUBATE, a start-up company designed from University of Sydney students specifically, offering mentoring and initial capital for your work. Whilst he encouraged us to seriously consider making our insulin, particularly Winsulin, a commercial product – the primary goal of the project was to make our work OpenSource like the iGEM registry. He did however provide some insight into the standard business model.<br>
 +
<br>
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With this goal in our mind – we approached entrepreneurship slightly differently, rather evaluating the success of an open-source insulin product. Our primary means of determining its viability was through an analysis of the advantages of an open-source model, and how the market could be used to provide leverage for breaking into the market. This analysis is closely paired with <a href ="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Applied_Design">applied design</a> where we considered current market solutions and their alternatives. .</p>
 
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        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse0" style="font-size:30px;">Open-Source Tools to Enable the Market</a>
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<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;text-align:center;">Open-source research and development has revolutionized the technology sector and is quickly making its way into other markets, powered by its offers of new and unique ways to approach the monetisation of Intellectual Property (IP). <br><br>
 +
The open source design and characterisation of genetic sequences for protein manufacturing is gaining popularity, especially as the advent of accessible methods of DNA synthesis has removed the major technical barrier to reverse engineering the work of others. Organisations such as iGEM are evidence of this, as they showcase the work of researchers, whilst businesses such as AddGene provide simple sharing of DNA backbones for a fee. Similarly, focus on the downstream requirements of protein expression optimization is already entering the open-source market, expanding the tools available to synthetic biologists with small budgets. On the other hand, manufacturing plant design and optimisation often remains unobtainable, held as trade-secrets rather than patented. The technologies behind high-efficiency protein manufacturing are rarely shared between agents in the market. Improved transparency within this industry would be to the benefit of all. <br><br>
 +
We propose a radical model of pharmaceutical development, whereby investors may assist in the funding of both the development and set-up costs of a novel pharmaceutical, without the need of investing in a pharmaceutical company, via an open-source investment scheme.</p>
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<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;text-align:center;">Financial Tools<br>
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Potential investors that wish to contribute their funds to developing life-saving pharmaceuticals are currently forced to purchase stock in a major pharmaceutical company. We suggest that an alternative financial platform can be designed that offers investors the opportunity to fund the clinical trials of a novel open-source drug, pledging money alongside other potential investors until sufficient capital is obtained to proceed. In this scenario, rather than the return on IP contributing to a single pharmaceutical company's profit margin, it can instead be divided between clinical trial investors and the developer of the IP. <br><br>
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In this case, Return-On-Investment (ROI) must scale with the relative risk of the drug not completing clinical trials, however, this may still be significantly less than the ROI expected by public corporations. Furthermore, some legal protection would have to be established to prevent manufacturing of approved open-source drugs without a return contribution being made to the investors that helped get it approved.  <br><br>
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An additional new financial tool could allow investors to direct their capital towards necessary manufacturing facilities for setup and GMP approval of new manufacturing facilities. These new “Open-source Factory” funds could be combined with public investment to better overcome the challenge of economies-of-scale. Just like the stock exchange and investment banks, the aim of these financial tools is to help the market respond more effectively.</p>
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        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse1" style="font-size:30px;">How We Could Enter the Market Now</a>
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    A more traditional approach for marketing insulin while utilising Open Source technology would be possible with sufficient capital. In our case, we propose a competitive advantage could be found through facilitating efficiency of distribution of Human Insulin and Analogues. [1]
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The global pharmaceutical distribution market is a maze of intermediaries, each adding a small profit margin to the final price. In this environment we suggest there is potential to utilise 21st Century online markets to improve distribution models.
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e.g. A click-and-mortar business that matches a diabetic’s insulin requirements to a specific wholesaler - cutting out all intermediaries and claiming a small portion of the profit margin.<br>
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<h1>Barriers to Entry<h1>
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<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;" class = "content" align = "center">When considering the potential of starting up a company, we considered the current barriers restricting those from entering.<br>
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Creating a competitive advantage requires a business to overcome the market barriers to entry, while retaining sufficient capital to survive a price war from competitors. Below are the barriers to entry faced by new Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient manufacturing firms, including a relative descriptor of the cost/skill permeability of the barrier;</p><br>
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  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Open-source
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  creation of a biosynthetic organism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Design and
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  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Open
 +
  Source Development of an insulin pump<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>10000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:37.8pt'>
 +
  <td width=772 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:772.15pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:37.8pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#F4B183;mso-themecolor:accent2;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #F4B183;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><br>Cost Barriers</span></b><span style='font-size:
 +
  20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:
 +
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
 +
  EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Clinical Trials I-IV
 +
  (for new analogue insulin)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>~200 million<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Biosimilar Clinical
 +
  Trials (for new generic/generic analogue)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>~100 million*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>No<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Fermentation/Purification
 +
  Equipment and Testing (Small - Large Scale)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2 million - 200
 +
  million<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Yes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Fermentation/Purification
 +
  Plant (Small - Large Scale)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>4 million - 400
 +
  million<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Yes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:40.05pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:40.05pt'></td>
 +
  <td width=522 nowrap colspan=3 valign=top style='width:522.25pt;border-top:
 +
  none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:40.05pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>* Biosimilar clinical
 +
  trials yet to have enough data to generate an average expense<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:37.8pt'>
 +
  <td width=772 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:772.15pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:37.8pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#A9D18E;mso-themecolor:accent6;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #A9D18E;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent6;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><br>Market Barriers</span></b><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#8FAADC;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #8FAADC;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Enormous
 +
  existing contracts between governments and pharmaceutical companies can be
 +
  used to leverage significant pressure to use a certain product in PBS
 +
  schemes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>USA, Europe,
 +
  Australia; ~100m+ to disturb the status quo. For most developing nations,
 +
  price/efficacy will be the major determining factor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Yes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Economies
 +
  of scale favours existing manufacturers. Any new market entrant would be
 +
  vulnerable to a price war after investing significantly in setup.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>^ See
 +
  Fermentation/Purification Plant and Equipment Costs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Yes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Existing distribution
 +
  systems are largely owned by competition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>10 million + dependent
 +
  upon strategic partnerships<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Yes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;height:37.8pt'>
 +
  <td width=772 colspan=4 valign=top style='width:772.15pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:37.8pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#B49DE3;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><br>Legal Barriers</span></b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  color:#B49DE3;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 nowrap valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Existing
 +
  patents protecting analogue insulins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 nowrap valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Litigation Risk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Possibly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Existing patents
 +
  protecting insulin manufacturing optimisations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Litigation Risk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Possibly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <td width=250 valign=top style='width:249.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Existing patents for
 +
  insulin pump technologies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=175 valign=top style='width:175.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=191 valign=top style='width:191.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Litigation Risk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=156 valign=top style='width:155.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Possibly<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
 +
 
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
<div class = "row" id ="please">
 +
<div class = "content" align = "center">
 +
<h1>Estimated Start Up Costs</h1>
 +
<div class = "box2"></div>
 +
<br><br>
 +
<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:16px;text-align:center;"> A recent publication described three new Canadian manufacturers of a scale that we could conceivably build[1]. Canada’s dollar is at parity with Australia, and provides an excellent model for start-ups in Oceania.
 +
<br><br>
 +
COMPANY A has created a biotherapeutic that repairs tissue, and needs to develop a facility with analytical and research facilities. <br><br>
 +
COMPANY B manufactures native marine collagen and has built a manufacturing facility that comprises 80% GMP compliant working environments and 20% standard storage rooms<br><br>
 +
COMPANY C has an innovative new plant-based biotherapeutic manufacturing system that it is attempting upscale. The 10,000 ft2 greenhouse operates alongside a 4000 ft2 primary recovery suite where protein is recovered from biomass.<br><br></p>
 +
<div class=WordSection1>
 +
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
 +
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=787
 +
style='border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;
 +
border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;
 +
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'></td>
 +
  <td width=12 rowspan=8 valign=top style='width:11.8pt;border:none;border-right:
 +
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:
 +
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
 +
  0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#8FAADC;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #8FAADC;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
 +
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#8FAADC;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #8FAADC;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Company A</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
 +
  20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:
 +
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=12 rowspan=8 valign=top style='width:11.8pt;border:none;border-right:
 +
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:
 +
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
 +
  0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#F4B183;mso-themecolor:accent2;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #F4B183;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
 +
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#F4B183;mso-themecolor:accent2;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #F4B183;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Company B</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
 +
  20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:
 +
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=12 rowspan=8 valign=top style='width:11.8pt;border:none;border-right:
 +
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:
 +
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
 +
  0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#A9D18E;mso-themecolor:accent6;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #A9D18E;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent6;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
 +
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:#A9D18E;mso-themecolor:accent6;mso-themetint:153;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:
 +
  #A9D18E;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent6;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:
 +
  100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:"lumm=60000 lumo=40000";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Company C</span></b><b><span style='font-size:
 +
  20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:
 +
  "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:18.9pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:18.9pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Building Related Expenses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:18.9pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>4,000,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:18.9pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>200,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:18.9pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>1,800,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Equipment + Installation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>1,000,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>980,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>300,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Engineering/Validation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>1,000,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>250,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>900,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Total ($CA)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6,000,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>1,430,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>3,000,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Total ($US)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>4,680,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>1,115,400.00<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2,340,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Annual GMP Compliance + Operating Expense
 +
  ($<span class=GramE>CA)*</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>925,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>454,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.2pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>720,000.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:35.6pt'>
 +
  <td width=312 nowrap valign=top style='width:11.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:35.6pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Annual GMP Compliance + Operating Expense
 +
  ($<span class=GramE>US)*</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:35.6pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>721,500.00<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=151 nowrap valign=top style='width:151.2pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:35.6pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>354,120.00<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=144 nowrap valign=top style='width:144.15pt;border-top:none;
 +
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:35.6pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>561,600.00<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
</div>
 +
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
 +
 
 +
</div>
 +
<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;text-align:center;">Since a lot of these prices are dependent on how much GMP and Non-GMP approved space a manufactuer has, its quite hard to tell how much starting an insulin manufacturing plant would be. Furthermore, annual compliance and operating costs would (hopefully) be covered by revenue streams. <br>
 +
However, As a result of realising these upfront, and continued costs, we've come to the understanding that developing a manufacturing plant on our own is not a viable option. Serious investment or an agreement with a current up and running manufactuer is rewuited.</p>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<div class ="row" id = "please">
 +
<div class= "content" align = "center">
 +
<h1>Associated Risks</h1>
 +
<div class = "box3"></div>
 +
<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;text-align:center;">Alternatively, we could sit on our open-source IP and act as philanthropic agents attempting to simplify this complex market. It would not yield enormous income, nor attract wealthy investors - yet it may be a necessary cause to follow. The following SWOT analysis elucidates the Strengths and Weaknesses of this model as well as the Opportunities and Threats that the market might pose to it;</p>
 +
<div class = "col-xs-6">
 +
<h2>Risk Matrix</h2>
 +
<br>
 +
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/f/f6/T--Sydney_Australia--Entre1.jpg" width = 100%>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class = "col-xs-6">
 +
<h2>Potential Risks for Our Model</h2>
 +
<div class = "box3"></div>
 +
<br>
 +
<div class=WordSection1>
 +
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
 +
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 align=left
 +
width=396 style='width:396.2pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;
 +
mso-table-lspace:9.0pt;margin-left:6.0pt;mso-table-rspace:9.0pt;margin-right:
 +
6.0pt;mso-table-anchor-vertical:paragraph;mso-table-anchor-horizontal:page;
 +
mso-table-left:81.05pt;mso-table-top:-53.75pt'>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Potential Risk</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:
 +
  Arial;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Risk Matrix</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFBE45;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Price war from competitors</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFBE45;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>9</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFBE45;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>GMP failure, dangerous product</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFBE45;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>10</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;
 +
  font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
 +
  EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Escape/Release of GMO organism</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Manufacturing Injuries</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFBE45;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Insufficient Liquidity</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFBE45;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>8</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFBE45;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Exclusionary contracts prevent entrance to
 +
  certain markets</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;
 +
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFBE45;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>7</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Cure for Diabetes</span><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>5</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Superior Analogue enters market</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Inefficient secretion pathway</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Inefficient Purification</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>6</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Local - High Australian Wages</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Carbon Emissions Target</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Nickel-Agarose Price Inflation</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Electricity Inflation</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Competitive advertising</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16;height:23.0pt'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFBE45;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:23.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Government overregulation</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFBE45;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:23.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>8</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17;height:24.0pt'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFBE45;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:24.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Economies of Scale</span><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFBE45;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:24.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>9</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Natural Disaster</span><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>4</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Manufactory Fire</span><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>4</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Internal Corruption</span><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>4</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFD966;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Patent Infringement Lawsuits</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>3</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#A8D08D;
 +
  mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>High Employee Turnover</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#A8D08D;mso-background-themecolor:accent6;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>2</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;background:#FFBE45;
 +
  padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Export/Import Restrictions</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  background:#FFBE45;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>8</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:24;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:33.15pt'>
 +
  <td width=275 valign=top style='width:274.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:
 +
  accent4;mso-background-themetint:153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;
 +
  height:33.15pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Unforeseen Circumstances</span><span
 +
  style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
  <td width=122 valign=top style='width:121.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 +
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-top-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black 1.0pt;
 +
  mso-border-alt:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 +
  background:#FFD966;mso-background-themecolor:accent4;mso-background-themetint:
 +
  153;padding:5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt 5.0pt;height:33.15pt'>
 +
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-element:frame;
 +
  mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:
 +
  paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:page;mso-element-left:81.1pt;
 +
  mso-element-top:-53.75pt;mso-height-rule:exactly'><span style='font-size:
 +
  16.0pt;font-family:Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;
 +
  mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>5</span><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:
 +
  Quicksand;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
 +
  </td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 +
</div>
 +
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
 +
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
 +
 
 +
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
 +
 
 +
</div>
 +
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      <h4 class="panel-title">
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        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse029" style="font-size:30px;">What We're Up Against</a>
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<p style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;text-align:center;">
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The sheer scale of the insulin market (600m+ potential patients) allows economies of scale to play a major role in the competitiveness of individual players. Without enormous investment capital, any new manufacturing facility will be too small to make a significant impact on the insulin market and may be unable to produce at a low enough cost to survive. As such, if we were to choose to become insulin manufacturers - we would need enormous initial capital to have any impact on the market supply. <br><br>
 +
Large-scale Manufacturing Facilities<br>
 +
Expected cost: Minimum of US$100m for a medium-scale facility [2]<br>
 +
Research and Development of Single-Chain Insulin Analogues:<br>
 +
Expected cost: Upwards of $US50m for initial approval. Ongoing expense of 20-25% annual operating costs to ensure compliance. [3]<br>
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        <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse030" style="font-size:30px;">Would Public Investment Help?</a>
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Governments provide a functional alternative to corporate manufacturing, as they can justify investment in research and manufacturing that offers a lower potential profit margin (or even a loss). Analysis of trends and forces within the international manufacturing market exemplifies two nations already investing heavily in expanding local insulin manufacturing. <br>
 +
The Open Insulin project requires the backing and cooperation of national governments to truly demystify the insulin market. Once we’ve established ourselves as a possible alternative to the established pharmaceutical brands, a strategic alliance for public funding would be an ideal outcome. Diabetes mismanagement is an international health crisis, and it is within the best interest of national authorities to invest in programs such as ours.
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<h1> References</h1>
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<h4><ul><li style="font-family:'Quicksand';font-size:20px;text-align:center;">DODELET, J.-F. 2008. Construction and Start-Up Costs for Biomanufacturing Plants. BiopressInternational.</li></ul></h4>
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Latest revision as of 05:55, 21 November 2017

An Open Source Business Model, Can It Work?


Throughout the duration of the iGEM competitions, we ended up talking to several different people who gave us perspective on the reality of making our project into a small business. This included Mike from INCUBATE, a start-up company designed from University of Sydney students specifically, offering mentoring and initial capital for your work. Whilst he encouraged us to seriously consider making our insulin, particularly Winsulin, a commercial product – the primary goal of the project was to make our work OpenSource like the iGEM registry. He did however provide some insight into the standard business model.

With this goal in our mind – we approached entrepreneurship slightly differently, rather evaluating the success of an open-source insulin product. Our primary means of determining its viability was through an analysis of the advantages of an open-source model, and how the market could be used to provide leverage for breaking into the market. This analysis is closely paired with applied design where we considered current market solutions and their alternatives. .

Open-Source Tools to Enable the Market

Open-source research and development has revolutionized the technology sector and is quickly making its way into other markets, powered by its offers of new and unique ways to approach the monetisation of Intellectual Property (IP).

The open source design and characterisation of genetic sequences for protein manufacturing is gaining popularity, especially as the advent of accessible methods of DNA synthesis has removed the major technical barrier to reverse engineering the work of others. Organisations such as iGEM are evidence of this, as they showcase the work of researchers, whilst businesses such as AddGene provide simple sharing of DNA backbones for a fee. Similarly, focus on the downstream requirements of protein expression optimization is already entering the open-source market, expanding the tools available to synthetic biologists with small budgets. On the other hand, manufacturing plant design and optimisation often remains unobtainable, held as trade-secrets rather than patented. The technologies behind high-efficiency protein manufacturing are rarely shared between agents in the market. Improved transparency within this industry would be to the benefit of all.

We propose a radical model of pharmaceutical development, whereby investors may assist in the funding of both the development and set-up costs of a novel pharmaceutical, without the need of investing in a pharmaceutical company, via an open-source investment scheme.

Financial Tools
Potential investors that wish to contribute their funds to developing life-saving pharmaceuticals are currently forced to purchase stock in a major pharmaceutical company. We suggest that an alternative financial platform can be designed that offers investors the opportunity to fund the clinical trials of a novel open-source drug, pledging money alongside other potential investors until sufficient capital is obtained to proceed. In this scenario, rather than the return on IP contributing to a single pharmaceutical company's profit margin, it can instead be divided between clinical trial investors and the developer of the IP.

In this case, Return-On-Investment (ROI) must scale with the relative risk of the drug not completing clinical trials, however, this may still be significantly less than the ROI expected by public corporations. Furthermore, some legal protection would have to be established to prevent manufacturing of approved open-source drugs without a return contribution being made to the investors that helped get it approved.

An additional new financial tool could allow investors to direct their capital towards necessary manufacturing facilities for setup and GMP approval of new manufacturing facilities. These new “Open-source Factory” funds could be combined with public investment to better overcome the challenge of economies-of-scale. Just like the stock exchange and investment banks, the aim of these financial tools is to help the market respond more effectively.


How We Could Enter the Market Now

A more traditional approach for marketing insulin while utilising Open Source technology would be possible with sufficient capital. In our case, we propose a competitive advantage could be found through facilitating efficiency of distribution of Human Insulin and Analogues. [1] The global pharmaceutical distribution market is a maze of intermediaries, each adding a small profit margin to the final price. In this environment we suggest there is potential to utilise 21st Century online markets to improve distribution models. e.g. A click-and-mortar business that matches a diabetic’s insulin requirements to a specific wholesaler - cutting out all intermediaries and claiming a small portion of the profit margin.


Barriers to Entry


When considering the potential of starting up a company, we considered the current barriers restricting those from entering.
Creating a competitive advantage requires a business to overcome the market barriers to entry, while retaining sufficient capital to survive a price war from competitors. Below are the barriers to entry faced by new Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient manufacturing firms, including a relative descriptor of the cost/skill permeability of the barrier;


Non-Financial Permeability /10

Expected Financial Cost ($US)

Scaling/Ongoing Cost?


Technical Barriers

Open-source creation of a biosynthetic organism

8

5000

No

Design and Engineering expertise required for fermentation/purification plant

8

10000

No

Open Source Development of an insulin pump

8

10000

No


Cost Barriers

Clinical Trials I-IV (for new analogue insulin)

8

~200 million

No

Biosimilar Clinical Trials (for new generic/generic analogue)

5

~100 million*

No

Fermentation/Purification Equipment and Testing (Small - Large Scale)

6

2 million - 200 million

Yes

Fermentation/Purification Plant (Small - Large Scale)

6

4 million - 400 million

Yes

* Biosimilar clinical trials yet to have enough data to generate an average expense


Market Barriers

Enormous existing contracts between governments and pharmaceutical companies can be used to leverage significant pressure to use a certain product in PBS schemes.

5

USA, Europe, Australia; ~100m+ to disturb the status quo. For most developing nations, price/efficacy will be the major determining factor.

Yes

Economies of scale favours existing manufacturers. Any new market entrant would be vulnerable to a price war after investing significantly in setup.

6

^ See Fermentation/Purification Plant and Equipment Costs

Yes

Existing distribution systems are largely owned by competition

4

10 million + dependent upon strategic partnerships

Yes


Legal Barriers

Existing patents protecting analogue insulins

6

Litigation Risk

Possibly

Existing patents protecting insulin manufacturing optimisations

6

Litigation Risk

Possibly

Existing patents for insulin pump technologies

6

Litigation Risk

Possibly

 

Estimated Start Up Costs



A recent publication described three new Canadian manufacturers of a scale that we could conceivably build[1]. Canada’s dollar is at parity with Australia, and provides an excellent model for start-ups in Oceania.

COMPANY A has created a biotherapeutic that repairs tissue, and needs to develop a facility with analytical and research facilities.

COMPANY B manufactures native marine collagen and has built a manufacturing facility that comprises 80% GMP compliant working environments and 20% standard storage rooms

COMPANY C has an innovative new plant-based biotherapeutic manufacturing system that it is attempting upscale. The 10,000 ft2 greenhouse operates alongside a 4000 ft2 primary recovery suite where protein is recovered from biomass.

 

Company A

 

Company B

 

Company C

Building Related Expenses

4,000,000.00

200,000.00

1,800,000.00

Equipment + Installation

1,000,000.00

980,000.00

300,000.00

Engineering/Validation

1,000,000.00

250,000.00

900,000.00

Total ($CA)

6,000,000.00

1,430,000.00

3,000,000.00

Total ($US)

4,680,000.00

1,115,400.00

2,340,000.00

Annual GMP Compliance + Operating Expense ($CA)*

925,000.00

454,000.00

720,000.00

Annual GMP Compliance + Operating Expense ($US)*

721,500.00

354,120.00

561,600.00

 

Since a lot of these prices are dependent on how much GMP and Non-GMP approved space a manufactuer has, its quite hard to tell how much starting an insulin manufacturing plant would be. Furthermore, annual compliance and operating costs would (hopefully) be covered by revenue streams.
However, As a result of realising these upfront, and continued costs, we've come to the understanding that developing a manufacturing plant on our own is not a viable option. Serious investment or an agreement with a current up and running manufactuer is rewuited.


Associated Risks

Alternatively, we could sit on our open-source IP and act as philanthropic agents attempting to simplify this complex market. It would not yield enormous income, nor attract wealthy investors - yet it may be a necessary cause to follow. The following SWOT analysis elucidates the Strengths and Weaknesses of this model as well as the Opportunities and Threats that the market might pose to it;

Risk Matrix


Potential Risks for Our Model


Potential Risk

Risk Matrix

Price war from competitors

9

GMP failure, dangerous product

10

Escape/Release of GMO organism

2

Manufacturing Injuries

2

Insufficient Liquidity

8

Exclusionary contracts prevent entrance to certain markets

7

Cure for Diabetes

5

Superior Analogue enters market

6

Inefficient secretion pathway

6

Inefficient Purification

6

Local - High Australian Wages

2

Carbon Emissions Target

2

Nickel-Agarose Price Inflation

2

Electricity Inflation

2

Competitive advertising

2

Government overregulation

8

Economies of Scale

9

Natural Disaster

4

Manufactory Fire

4

Internal Corruption

4

Patent Infringement Lawsuits

3

High Employee Turnover

2

Export/Import Restrictions

8

Unforeseen Circumstances

5

 

 

What We're Up Against

The sheer scale of the insulin market (600m+ potential patients) allows economies of scale to play a major role in the competitiveness of individual players. Without enormous investment capital, any new manufacturing facility will be too small to make a significant impact on the insulin market and may be unable to produce at a low enough cost to survive. As such, if we were to choose to become insulin manufacturers - we would need enormous initial capital to have any impact on the market supply.

Large-scale Manufacturing Facilities
Expected cost: Minimum of US$100m for a medium-scale facility [2]
Research and Development of Single-Chain Insulin Analogues:
Expected cost: Upwards of $US50m for initial approval. Ongoing expense of 20-25% annual operating costs to ensure compliance. [3]



Would Public Investment Help?

Governments provide a functional alternative to corporate manufacturing, as they can justify investment in research and manufacturing that offers a lower potential profit margin (or even a loss). Analysis of trends and forces within the international manufacturing market exemplifies two nations already investing heavily in expanding local insulin manufacturing.
The Open Insulin project requires the backing and cooperation of national governments to truly demystify the insulin market. Once we’ve established ourselves as a possible alternative to the established pharmaceutical brands, a strategic alliance for public funding would be an ideal outcome. Diabetes mismanagement is an international health crisis, and it is within the best interest of national authorities to invest in programs such as ours.



References


  • DODELET, J.-F. 2008. Construction and Start-Up Costs for Biomanufacturing Plants. BiopressInternational.