Latest revision as of 00:20, 16 December 2017

About Our Integrated Human Practices

We spent a considerable amount of time looking out into the real world to figure out how our project would best solve the issues of insulin unaffordability and inaccessibility. Key advisors and stakeholders aided the decisions we made along the way. Not only did our project integrate with the advice of individual people, but these individuals became integrated into a big conversation between us all. Specifically, these conversations were around how we Apply the design, the Project Design itself and ultimately how we best present this project to the real world as a business.

Under each of the below headings, you fill find the conversations we had with these stakeholders which integrated into our final product. Please enjoy reading through our journey!

Project Design

Our Original Project Design

Originally when we started this project, we were facinated by the idea of single chain insulins, but were hesitant to develop our own due to the vast array of new patent applications that were on the market. Human Insulin was in the clear of any patents, however due to its series of post-purification methods and low thermostability, we thought that developing a business model that had to keep up with high transportation costs, especially when open source, would be a difficult operation.
Read the conversation below to find out how these people influenced our Project Design:

Anthony Di Franco Our foreign friend began the Open Insulin project.
Meow-Ludo Meow-Meow Meow-Meow is infamous for his work at Biofoundry.
Dr Peter Arvan An insulin researcher.
Nick Coleman Our Supervisor.
Neil Donelan Neil distributes insulin vials all across the world.
Jeni A local pharmacist.
Len Mancini A partner of Maxwells Patent Lawyers.
Edwina Wang A type I diabetic.

To: Project Design

Anthony Di Franco

We need an Open Source Insulin! We need a team to be able to start investigating methods that could be used to increase the yield, and decrease the post-expression processing steps currently required to produce insulin.

Meow-Ludo Meow-Meow

I've got a team in mind.

Nick Coleman

USYD iGEMers- what do you think?

Team DISCO

We can do that! iGEM is an international competition where teams across the world create and deposit genetic sequences into an open source registry, so that the global community can follow on from a single team’s work.

Meow-Ludo Meow-Meow

That’s fantastic! Keep me updated throughout the project, I’m more than happy to help with this process if I can. Also, good luck with the competition!

After researching insulin a little further, we’ve come to realise that there are a few issues we’d like to address.

Firstly, Human insulin purification takes a long time and, depending on the method used, can be very expensive. We investigated alternatives to this process, and we came up with a few expression systems that could be used to improve the folding of insulin inside Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Secondly, insulin is currently stored at 4°C to preserve its activity. Keeping insulin at this temperature in cold storage chains while it’s being transported is incredibly difficult. This is especially so in lower economic countries, where we hope our insulin will be able to be sold.

So we thought, what if we designed our own, single chain, open source insulin that is also thermostable?

Peter Arvan

I have designed a single chain insulin that I won’t be patenting, would you like to improve upon what I’ve developed?

Team DISCO

That would be so fantastic, thank you so very much Peter. We will try and improve the functionality, especially to try and improve the thermostability of insulin.

Neil Donelan

Hi! As a part of the not-for-profit group Insulin for Life, I currently work to export insulin from Australia to all corners of the globe. We haven’t had any issues with the activity of the insulin we distribute, even though we don’t use any cold chain transportation. I think that any insulin you design, just like the human insulin you’re looking to produce, will be thermostable enough for global transportation without cold storage.

Team DISCO

Oh wow! Thanks Neil for your input. That gives us a lot of confidence to say that our insulins should be able to be distributed without cold chain transportation!

Jeni

Also, just be careful with how much you adapt the insulin you design. Endocrinologists are hesitant to put their patients on biosimilars because they can never be taken off that specific biosimilar. Generally, if a person is taken off one insulin biosimilar and put on a different analogue, they will suffer from an allergic reaction to the new insulin!

Team DISCO

Well we’d better make sure that our insulin is classified as an analogue, not a biosimilar. Unfortunately, Human Insulin will be classified as a biosimilar, but we have designed it to be exactly the same as the human form. Since there aren’t any ‘other’ bits on Human insulin like His-tags or TEV digestion sites, we hypothesise that there will be no adverse reactions or allergies brought on by Human Insulin.

Len Mancini

Would you like some quick tips on how to figure out if you will be free to market the insulin you have developed. Basically we would be looking at the patent landscape including granted patents and patent applications to see whether you wouldcould infringe if your developed molecule was formulated and sold on the market.

Team DISCO

Yes please! We have designed a single chain insulin with a 12 amino acid length linker between the A and B chains, and have made no changes to the human insulin A chain. We have added a glycine to the B chain, as this immensely increases stability.

Len Mancini

The main thing you need to read when looking at a patent to begin with is the claims. If you read a claim, and your proposed product falls within the scope of any single claim, then you would infringe the patent (and could be open to a law suit). However, if your product doesn’t fall within the scope of that claim you would not infringe. One thing to be aware of, howwver, is that “patents” are published at the application stage and also again after they are granted. If they are granted at all. So the first thing you do is check the status of the application at the time it was published. If it was just an application, then the claims may be broader than what would ultimately issue from the Patent Office, or indeed, no claims may gain aceptance and the application may lapse. If you fall within a claim of an application its best to dig deeper and see if the patent is likely to be granted by getting any available examination reports for that application, or any foreign equivalent identified through patent family searches. Its not a quick and easy job!

Team DISCO

Which patents should we be looking at to figure out whether we are infringing or not?

Len Mancini

– If I were you, I’d consider all the insulins on the market, taking a particular focus on Single Chain Insulins. We already know that the human insulin hormone itself is off patent, but you may want to check that subsequent patents on methods of manufacture or particular formulations or compositions weren’t granted and are still active today. Checking process patents in general, especially for your Bacillus expression system, would be important too. Patents for processes and advanced compositions are generally patented by the original owners as a way to extend the monopoly over their product.

Team DISCO

We definitely need to design our insulin after we check all of the relevant patents for single chain insulins. Expression systems and methodology should then follow. How long would it take, and about how much would it cost for your firm to investigate this for us?

Len Mancini

Investigating whether a product is able to marketed legally is a very time intense process invoving muliple searches and months of analysis. The whole process genrally is conducted over multiple years (to account for the patent black spot – 18 months in which applications remained unpublished) and cost over $100,000 if many aspect of the product need to be cleared.

Team DISCO

Ah, that’s a lot of money and time!

Edwina Wang

Hey, also don't forget there are also different types of insulin and we need them for different things - so their actual physiological effect is really important. I’ve used both before but am currently using short acting only with my insulin pump.

Team DISCO

Wow, that’s so helpful! Since you can’t have the same insulin being short AND long acting, its good to aim to create an insulin that’s one or the other. Ruby will be able to do some cool modelling to predict whether our Winsulin will be short-acting or long-acting so we can see which areas would most benefit from our insulin.

Ultimately, we have two insulin products. Our first insulin, Human Insulin, will be exactly the same as the one we produce in our human beta cells. Our other insulin, our newly designed insulin Winsulin, will have the same A and B chains as Human Insulin, but contains a smaller, 12 amino acid length C peptide linker.

From our predictive modelling, we predict the Winsulin will be a short acting insulin. We also believe that our Winsulin will not fall into the ‘biosimilar’ category, as it is not simply an adaptation on a current market therapy, but an entirely new design altogether.

Our Final Project Design

As you can see, developing human insulin as a therapy became a lot more operational and useful following the discussions with Neil, which showed that insulins do not need to be refrigerated to maintain levels of activity. Furthermore, we developed a series of expression systems to compare the relative yields, and costs of purification, to determine whether or not we could optimise human insulin production. But ultimately, with the blessings of Dr Peter Arvan, we were able to develop our own Single Chain Insulin, and Len Mancini was able to confirm that our optimised Winsulin is in fact outside of all patent claims.

Applied Design

Our Original Applied Design

As technology is evolving faster than therapies can develop, we originally wanted to design an insulin pump to go along with our Single Chain Insulin. This is so that all diabetics are able to utilise our new insulin, and we are not forcing individuals to start injecting themselves again. Furthermore, we assumed that clinical trials would be required in the future for both of our Human Insulin and Winsulin, and that ultimately want to pursue a single one due to the extreme costs of clinical trials. We were also only considering an open source project, as this seemed to fit the most with the international collective movement of Open Insulin.

Len Mancini A partner of Maxwells Patent and Trademark Attorneys and IP Lawyers.
Anthony Di Franco Our foreign friend over in the USA began the Open Insulin.
Edwina Wang A type I diabetic.
Nick Coleman Our Primary Investigator.
Biofoundry The local biohack lab.

To: Applied Design

We’ve done a little research into how we could approach the issues of insulin accessibility and affordability, but we aren’t quite sure how we should be approaching them.

Biofoundry

In our opinion, coaxing generic manufacturers to produce your insulin will be a hard feat considering the impassable barriers to entry, including a Good Manufacturing Practice certification for insulin production.

Team DISCO

Hold on, what's that?

Biofoundry

Good Manufacturing Practice, or GMPs for short, are licenses required by a manufacturing plant to produce a therapeutic drug to be sold commercially. This makes sure that the processes used by a plant are meeting quality standards and product specifications. These generally cost around US$100M for a manufacturing plant to receive. This barrier is restricting a considerable amount of small businesses from entering the biosimilar insulin market.

Team DISCO

Wow! That’s a high market-entry expense that we really need to consider! We must consider how we would raise those kind of funds, if we were to eventually build a manufacturing plant in the future!

Len Mancini

But hold on, you guys have something that could be considered a ‘new to market’ drug, which means you could patent this yourselves and raise money through investors who are comfortable that your company will function to produce profits, rather than a single insulin.

Anothony Di Franco

We just raised $16, 656 through some crowd funding though, which is 227% of what we needed to kick start our lab work. If anything, this shows that when moneys needed to be raised, we can raise what we need and more!

Team DISCO

And I guess we wouldn’t really need to ‘build’ a large manufacturing plant. We’d be providing the methods and cells ready to go, so really all a manufacturing plant would need would be the GMP.

Biofoundry

Yeah, you guys really are the proof of concept the industry needs to start seriously looking into insulin production.

Team DISCO

Our YNCM tagged insulins in Bacillus should also provide a much simpler purification process that could be turned into a continuous system with the right optimisations. We should make sure that we spend a little more time making sure that we can compare methodologies between protein extraction when we get up to this stage.

Team DISCO

But wait, hold on. Why are we even pursing to produce an open source insulin, when there might be other alternatives to enter into the market that aren’t the more traditional routes? Could we potentially make an open insulin pump?

Biofoundry

you could, but because of the way that the current pumps are made for a specific insulin analogue, you’d have a hard time selling it without your own insulin. It also wouldn’t really aid the issue of inaccessibility that are currently felt in many places in the world.

Edwina Wang

Hi everyone! As a diabetic myself, I am quite accustomed to injecting myself with insulin, so I wouldn’t worry too much about not having a pump, especially in dire circumstances.

Team DISCO

Len, you’ve said before it would take about a full year and approx. $AU100 000 to fully prepare our Winsulin for patenting.

Len Mancini

Yes. It’s a rough estimate and highly dependent on the product, but generally that’s our rule of thumb.

Team DISCO

We are already starting to see just how costly these kinds of endeavours are, without even including the biosimilar trial and clinical trials required for both of our insulins. Surely there are some other alternatives? Could we not just start producing insulin in bathtubs all around the world?

Nick Coleman

Guys, that’s a great idea, but we have GMPs for a reason. Safety is more paramount than simply meeting demand. Regulating something like that would be way more of a nightmare than it’s worth.

Team DISCO

Yeah, we guess you’re right. Recombinant methods of production of an open source insulin seems like our best option moving forward. Market hurdles included! We should probably investigate how an open-source business would function though with a few more experts.

Our Final Applied Design

Following these discussions, we decided to follow the mantra "Keep it Simple, Stupid" and just focus on synthesising insulin from bacteria, rahter than producing an insulin pump alongside it. We also decided to model the activity of our Winsulin to determine what kind of insulin it is. This will also be important information for future endeavours. Furthermore, we became a little more comfortable with the idea of going open source with our Winsulin also. However, these talks also demonstrated that raising the initial capital for manufacturing plants may be a little difficult given the start up costs, specifically Good Manufacturing Practice approvals.

Entrepreneurship

Our Original Entrepreneurship Plan

Originally, we were full steam ahead on the open source direction. We planned on raising capital through crowd funding measures and with angel investors. Other open source tools were considered, such as Public Investment 'matching' schemes and Private Trading Schemes.

Mike Nichols A local entrepreneur mentor at the INCUBATE Hub at Sydney University.
Narcyz Ghinea A specialist in access to high cost medicines (specifically cancer drugs).
Neil Donelan Neil distributes unopened, unexpired insulin vials all across the world.

To: Entrepeneurship

We’re at the point where we’re pretty sure we have a couple of awesome products, but we need to make sure that our project will be effective in the future and doesn’t simply mimic another business or open-source project out there that wasn’t successful!

Mike Nichols

In order to make a global impact, you really need to build a business around your products, patents and all. Raising funds will be a lot easier when you start a start-up in conjunction with us, as many businesses with much less appeal have made millions of dollars after just a few years here.

Team DISCO

Wow that’s amazing! It would definitely be easier to raise the funds as a company. Much of the price of insulin comes from manufacturers and patent holders adding huge mark ups on the product that the governments and consumers then must face. If we were to design a business, obviously we wouldn’t impose those kinds of mark ups.

Narcyz Ghineaa

Hey guys, slow down a little. Discovering promising compounds is only one step in the process. It is the in-human trials that are needed to convince regulators the drug should be registered that is the real challenge for open source drug development. How are you going to fund that? If you want to get a drug to market entirely open-source without industry involvement you will probably need to consider “open source clinical trials”, and organise a network of people that are willing to do the necessarily research on a non-profit basis.

Team DISCO

We hadn’t considered that. I guess that we need to think about all the potential options for funding that doesn’t necessarily involve us making it directly to fund the project.

Mike Nichols

You should also start thinking about how the initial manufacturing plant begins. If I were you, I’d find a country that has a high demand for insulin and is currently very undersupplied. Build your plant there, following the regulatory guidelines required for that country. Once your Human Insulin production starts making a profit, you can begin phasing in your Winsulin. Get Winsulin off the ground with your human insulin production.

Neil Donelan

This might be a nice way to start. We currently have a large amount of processes that we have to go through in order to transport insulin from one country to another. Custom imports are different between countries, some of which are time and resource intensive to manoeuvre through. Localising your operation in one location may be a better way of organising this before expanding.

Mike Nichols

Would you have anywhere specifically in mind?

Neil Donelan

We have had huge demand for insulin in Tanzania in Africa. Their diabetic population is quite large and is expected to grow significantly as better diagnostic tools are implemented, as estimated 2/3rds of their diabetic population are currently undiagnosed in Africa alone. The South East Asian, and Pacific rim regions also need to be closely monitored.

Mike Nichols

So, maybe Tanzania or somewhere similar would work? You should strongly consider forming a start-up, and withhold Winsulin from the open source sphere to pursue this. Global impacts require profit margins and intellectual protection.

Team DISCO

These are all such great insights. We really need to consider our options.

Our Final Entrepreneurship Plan

Ultimately, we stuck with our guns and are following the Open Source Route. Although, these discussions really made us question as to whether the Open Source option really was our best option, especially noting the clinical trial costs and manufacturing barriers to enter the market. Following this discussion, we decided to explore the viability of open-source insulin, comparing them to the standard business model - including the costs / barriers of entry that were involved. The summary of our research can be found on our Entrepreneurship Page. Our decision came down to the open source method to continue with the international collaborations we have developed throughout the year. Further research is also required to determine just how applicable our Winsulin is as a therapeutic agent, so keeping the research open to the international community means theres more opportunity for this research to occur. Since our project began as an open source collaboration with Open Insulin, we decided to continue sharing the work we have done on both human insulin and Winsulin.

Profiles

Dr Nicholas Coleman

Our PI and primary mentor, was the first to instigate the project through his relationships with members of Biofoundry. His scientific experience and knowledge was integral to work across the entire project.

Narcyz Ghinea

Narcyz is a doctoral researcher at the School of Public Health at the University of Sydney, specializing in studying access to high-cost medicines and generic and biosimilar policy. We spoke to him about where funding for clinical trials is sourced from, while also discussing how an open source business may function in this space. He alerted us to the potential of the government to fund our initial start-up and research costs, which we fed back into our potential business model design.

Len Mancini

A partner at Maxwells Patent and Trademark Attorneys, he educated us on the intricacies of patent law, and assisted us in ensuring our design of Winsulin did not encroach on any existing patents. From this discussion we were made aware that we would need to consider all insulins on the market and all of the production methods associated with them, if we wanted to make a patent of Winsulin and/or its production. This inspired us to pursue a study of the current patents.

Neil Donelan

A member of the board of Insulin For Life, a tax-exempt, not-for-profit organization focused on obtaining excess insulin and insulin related products for distribution to countries where many diabetics cannot afford their treatments. He alerted us to the reality of insulin transport – that insulin can be transported even without refrigeration. This ultiamtely made us feel more confident than any insulin we produce will be stable enough to not require cold-chain transportation.

Mike Nichols

Entrepreneur and mentor at INCUBATE, an award-winning startup program at the University of Sydney, and team member of CSIRO’s Main Sequence Ventures fund. Mike alerted us to the issues of purely open-source ventures – particularly the issues of sustainable income and start-up costs. He also inspired us to develop a potential business model that is not purely open-source, and encouraged us to consider venturing into countries where insulin is highly in demand. This advice and expertise informed our potential business model development to include this option.

Anthony Di Franco

Anthony Di Franco is a board member of Counter Culture Labs, and founder of OpenInsulin project – an open-source research project aimed at developing new methods of producing insulin to increase its affordability and accessibility to those in need. As a Type 1 Diabetic himself, understands the needs of diabetics reliant on insulin for survival. He is one of the individuals that sparked our interest in producing an open-source insulin solution, and so was a main instigator in starting the project.

Jeni - Our Local Pharmacist

Jeni identified the issue with biosimilars as seen by endocrinologists prescribing insulin to diabetics: once prescribed, an insulin user must remain on the same analogue, lest there be issues with allerginicity from other analogues. We applied this information by ensuring our human proinsulin sequence is the exact same as it would be in the body.

Edwina Wang

A friend of ours, and a Type I diabetic, Edwina gave personal experiences about her use of insulin and gave us feedback on the functionality of the insulin we produce, saying that it is crucial to know if it will be long or short acting. We applied this advice by modelling our Winsulin construct to predict its physiological activity, and found that it will most likely be short-acting.

Meow-Ludo Meow Meow

A Trailblazer in open-source synthetic biology, Meow was also a link to the OpenInsulin project through his community lab Biofoundry. He also acted as another mentor in the field of open-source science, illuminating the many possibilities it entails.

Dr David Beran

A researcher and lecturer at Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, we spoke to him about his work publishing the ACCISS paper published by Health Action International, that outlines the issues of global inaccessibility to insulin. He granted us permission to use the information found in the reports he’s published online to enhance our understanding of the global insulin market.

Dr Peter Arvan

A professor at the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation. Professor Arvan gave us his permission to use his work on single-chain insulins as a primary scaffold for our design, and for providing the foundational information that first inspired us to pursue such a project.

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+<div class="container_babe-fluid">
 <div class = "row" style ="background-color:#e2e2e2; margin-top:63px;">
-     <img class="center-block img-center" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/86/T--Sydney_Australia--IntHumanPractices.gif" width="55%">
+     <img class="center-block img-center" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/8/86/T--Sydney_Australia--IntHumanPractices.gif" width="70%">
 </div>
-<div class="row">
+<div class = "row">
-<p  style="padding:40px;color:#3e3f3f;font-size:16px;font-family:'Quicksand';text-align:center">We spent a considerable amount of time looking out into the real world to figure out how our project
+<div class = "content" id="please">
- would best solve the issues of insulin unaffordability and inaccessibility. Key advisors and
+<center><h1>About Our Integrated Human Practices</h1><center>
- stakeholders aided the decisions we made along the way. Not only did our project integrate with the advice of
+<div class = "box1"></div>
- individual people, but these individuals became integrated into a big conversation between us all.
+</div>
- Specifically, these conversations were around how we Apply the design, the Project Design itself and
+</div>
- ultimately how we best present this project to the real world as a business.
+<div class="row content">
+<p  style="padding:40px;color:#3e3f3f;font-size:20px;font-family:'Quicksand';text-align:center">We spent a considerable amount of time looking out into the real world to figure out how our project would best solve the issues of insulin unaffordability and inaccessibility. Key advisors and stakeholders aided the decisions we made along the way. Not only did our project integrate with the advice of individual people, but these individuals became integrated into a big conversation between us all.
+Specifically, these conversations were around how we Apply the design, the Project Design itself and ultimately how we best present this project to the real world as a business.
+<br>
 </p>
-<p style="padding:40px;color:#3e3f3f;font-size:16px;font-family:'Quicksand';text-align:center">
+<p style="padding:40px;color:#3e3f3f;font-size:20px;font-family:'Quicksand';text-align:center">
 Under each of the below headings, you fill find the conversations we had with these stakeholders which integrated into our final product. Please enjoy reading through our journey!
 </p>
+</div>
+<div class = "row" align = "center">
+<div class = "content" id="please">
+<center><h1>Project Design</h1><center>
+<div class = "box2"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class = "content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<h2>Our Original Project Design</h2>
+<div class = "box21"></div><br>
+<h4>Originally when we started this project, we were facinated by the idea of single chain insulins, but were hesitant to develop our own due to the vast array of new patent applications that were on the market. Human Insulin was in the clear of any patents, however due to its series of post-purification methods and low thermostability, we thought that developing a business model that had to keep up with high transportation costs, especially when open source, would be a difficult operation.
+<br> Read the conversation below to find out how these people influenced our Project Design:</h4>
 </div>
 <div class="row">
 <div class="wrapper">
-     <div class="container">
+     <div class="container_babe">
+ <div class="left">
+ <div class="top">
+                <input type="text" />
+                <a href="javascript:;" class="search"></a>
+            </div>
+            <ul class="people">
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#8cace5"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Anthony Di Franco</span>
+                    <span class="preview">Our foreign friend began the Open Insulin project.</span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#e8939c"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Meow-Ludo Meow-Meow</span>
+                    <span class="preview">Meow-Meow is infamous for his work at Biofoundry.
+                    </span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#b5e2af"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Dr Peter Arvan</span>
+                    <span class="preview">An insulin researcher.
+                    </span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#f9ebb2"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Nick Coleman</span>
+                    <span class="preview">Our Supervisor. </span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#dbe5c3"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Neil Donelan</span>
+                    <span class="preview">Neil distributes insulin vials all across the world.
+ </span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#908dce"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Jeni</span>
+                    <span class="preview">A local pharmacist. </span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#94bdc1"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Len Mancini</span>
+                    <span class="preview">A partner of Maxwells Patent Lawyers.</span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#bc86a7"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Edwina Wang</span>
+                    <span class="preview">A type I diabetic.</span>
+                </li>
+            </ul>
+ </div>
          <div class="right">
-             <div class="top"><span>To: <span class="name">Human Practices</span></span></div>
+             <div class="top"><span>To: <span class="name">Project Design</span></span></div>
              <div class="chat" data-chat="person1">
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Anthony (Counter Culture Labs)
+                 Anthony Di Franco
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble you" id="anthony">
@@ Line 431: / Line 813: @@
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                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Meow
+                 Meow-Ludo Meow-Meow
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@@ Line 437: / Line 819: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Nick
+                 Nick Coleman
                  </div>
@@ Line 450: / Line 832: @@
                  </div>
                   <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Meow
+                 Meow-Ludo Meow-Meow
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble you" id="meow">
@@ Line 457: / Line 839: @@
 				<div class="interlude">
 				<span>After researching insulin a little further, we’ve come to realise that there are a few issues we’d like to address. <br><br>Firstly, Human insulin purification takes a long time and, depending on the method used, can be very expensive. We investigated alternatives to this process, and we came up with a few expression systems that could be used to improve the folding of insulin inside Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. <br><br>Secondly, insulin is currently stored at 4°C to preserve its activity. Keeping insulin at this temperature in cold storage chains while it’s being transported is incredibly difficult. This is especially so in lower economic countries, where we hope our insulin will be able to be sold.
-<br><br>So we thought, what if we <a src="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Design">designed our own, single chain, open source insulin</a> that is also thermostable?
+<br><br>So we thought, what if we <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Design">designed our own, single chain, open source insulin</a> that is also thermostable?
 </span>
 				</div>
+					<div class="name_above_bubble">
+				Peter Arvan
+				</div>
+				<div class="bubble you" id="george">
+				I have designed a single chain insulin that I won’t be patenting, would you like to improve upon what I’ve developed?
+				</div>
+				<div class="name_above_bubble">
+				Team DISCO
+				</div>
+				<div class="bubble me">
+				That would be so fantastic, thank you so very much Peter. We will try and improve the functionality, especially to try and improve the thermostability of insulin.
+				</div>
 				<div class="name_above_bubble">
-				Neil
+				Neil Donelan
 				</div>
 				<div class="bubble you" id="neil">
-				Hi! As a part of the not-for-profit group <a src="https://www.insulinforlife.org/">Insulin for Life</a>, I currently work to export insulin from Australia to all corners of the globe. We haven’t had any issues with the activity of the insulin we distribute, even though we don’t use any cold chain transportation. I think that any insulin you design, just like the human insulin you’re looking to produce, will be thermostable enough for global transportation without cold storage.
+				Hi! As a part of the not-for-profit group <a href="https://www.insulinforlife.org/">Insulin for Life</a>, I currently work to export insulin from Australia to all corners of the globe. We haven’t had any issues with the activity of the insulin we distribute, even though we don’t use any cold chain transportation. I think that any insulin you design, just like the human insulin you’re looking to produce, will be thermostable enough for global transportation without cold storage.
 				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 473: / Line 867: @@
                  </div>
 				<div class="name_above_bubble">
-				Jeri
+				Jeni
 				</div>
-				<div class="bubble you" id="jeri">	Also, just be careful with how much you adapt the insulin you design. Endocrinologists are hesitant to put their patients on biosimilars because they can never be taken off that specific biosimilar. Generally, if a person is taken off one insulin biosimilar and put on a different analogue, they will suffer from an allergic reaction to the new insulin!
+				<div class="bubble you" id="jeni">	Also, just be careful with how much you adapt the insulin you design. Endocrinologists are hesitant to put their patients on biosimilars because they can never be taken off that specific biosimilar. Generally, if a person is taken off one insulin biosimilar and put on a different analogue, they will suffer from an allergic reaction to the new insulin!
 				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 484: / Line 878: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Len
+                 Len Mancini
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble you" id="len">
-                 Would you like some quick tips on how to figure out if the insulin you’ve designed is ‘new to market,’ or whether you’re unintentionally infringing an active patent?
+                 Would you like some quick tips on how to figure out if you will be free to market the insulin you have developed. Basically we would be looking at the patent landscape including  granted patents and patent applications to see whether you wouldcould infringe if your developed molecule was formulated and sold on the market.
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 496: / Line 890: @@
 				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Len
+                 Len Mancini
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble you" id="len">
-				After checking whether or not your patient is currently active and, if so, where it is active, the main thing you need to read is the claims. If your product fits 100% of the key criteria outlined in a single claim, then you are infringing the patent and could be open to a law suit. However, if your product differs from that claim at all, then you are outside the scope of that claim and are not infringing on it.
+				The main thing you need to read when looking at a patent to begin with is the claims. If you read a claim, and your proposed product falls within the scope of any single claim, then you would infringe the patent (and could be open to a law suit). However, if your product doesn’t fall within the scope of that claim you would not infringe.  One thing to be aware of, howwver, is that “patents” are published at the application stage and also again after they are granted. If they are granted at all. So the first thing you do is check the status of the application at the time it was published. If it was just an application, then the claims may be broader than what would ultimately issue from the Patent Office, or indeed, no claims may gain aceptance and the application may lapse. If you fall within a claim of an application its best to dig deeper and see if the patent is likely to be granted by getting any available examination reports for that application, or any foreign equivalent identified through patent family searches. Its not a quick and easy job!
 				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 508: / Line 902: @@
 				</div>
                 <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Len
+                 Len Mancini
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble you" id="len">
-				If I were you, I’d consider all the insulins on the market, particularly focusing on single chain Insulins. We already know that human insulin itself is off patent, but you may want to check that subsequent patents on insulin production methodology weren’t filed and are still active today. Checking method patents in general, especially for your Bacillus expression system, would be important too. Inventive steps in methods are generally patented.
+				– If I were you, I’d consider all the insulins on the market, taking a particular focus on Single Chain Insulins. We already know that the human insulin hormone itself is off patent, but you may want to check that subsequent patents on methods of manufacture or particular formulations or compositions weren’t granted and are still active today. Checking process patents in general, especially for your Bacillus expression system, would be important too. Patents for processes and advanced compositions are generally patented by the original owners as a way to extend the monopoly over their product.
   				</div>
                   <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 520: / Line 914: @@
 				</div>
                 <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Len
+                 Len Mancini
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble you" id="len">
-  				Investigating whether or not a product is “new” would generally take a full year, and cost about AU$100,000.
+  				Investigating whether a product is  able to marketed legally is a very time intense process invoving muliple searches and months of analysis. The whole process genrally is conducted over multiple years  (to account for the patent black spot – 18 months in which applications remained unpublished) and cost over $100,000 if many aspect of the product need to be cleared.
   				</div>
@@ Line 533: / Line 927: @@
 				</div>
 				<div class="name_above_bubble">
-				Edwina
+				Edwina Wang
 				</div>
                  <div class="bubble you" id="edwina">
-                 Also, if I had to choose between short or long acting, I would probably go for a short acting insulin for someone living in a developing country. Long acting insulins wouldn’t stabilise blood sugar levels in people who only eat sparse meals.
+                 Hey, also don't forget there are also different types of insulin and we need them for different things - so their actual physiological effect is really important. I’ve used both before but am currently using short acting only with my insulin pump.
                  </div>
                   <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 542: / Line 936: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble me">
-				Wow, that’s so helpful! Since you can’t have the same insulin being short AND long acting, its good to aim to create an insulin that’s one or the other. Ruby will be able to do some cool <a src="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Model">modelling</a> to predict whether our Winsulin will be short-acting or long-acting!!
+				Wow, that’s so helpful! Since you can’t have the same insulin being short AND long acting, its good to aim to create an insulin that’s one or the other. Ruby will be able to do some cool <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Model">modelling</a> to predict whether our Winsulin will be short-acting or long-acting so we can see which areas would most benefit from our insulin.
 				</div>
   				<div class="interlude">
-  				<span>Ultimately, we have two insulin products. Our first insulin, Human Insulin, will be exactly the same as the one we produce in our human beta cells. Our other insulin, our newly designed insulin Winsulin, will have the same A and B chains as Human Insulin, but contains a smaller, 12 amino acid length C peptide linker. <br><br>From our predictive modelling, we predict the Winsulin will be a short acting insulin, as advised. We also believe that our Winsulin will not fall into the ‘biosimilar’ category, as it is not simply an adaptation on a current market therapy, but an entirely new design altogether. </span>
+  				<span>Ultimately, we have two insulin products. Our first insulin, Human Insulin, will be exactly the same as the one we produce in our human beta cells. Our other insulin, our newly designed insulin Winsulin, will have the same A and B chains as Human Insulin, but contains a smaller, 12 amino acid length C peptide linker. <br><br>From our predictive modelling, we predict the Winsulin will be a short acting insulin. We also believe that our Winsulin will not fall into the ‘biosimilar’ category, as it is not simply an adaptation on a current market therapy, but an entirely new design altogether. </span>
   				</div>
@@ Line 555: / Line 950: @@
 </div>
 </div>
+<div class = "content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<h2>Our Final Project Design</h2>
+<div class = "box21"></div><br>
+<h4>As you can see, developing human insulin as a therapy became a lot more operational and useful following the discussions with Neil, which showed that insulins do not need to be refrigerated to maintain levels of activity. Furthermore, we developed a series of expression systems to compare the relative yields, and costs of purification, to determine whether or not we could optimise human insulin production. But ultimately, with the blessings of Dr Peter Arvan, we were able to develop our own Single Chain Insulin, and Len Mancini was able to confirm that our optimised Winsulin is in fact outside of all patent claims.</h4>
+</div>
+<br>
+<div class = "row" align = "center">
+<div class = "content" id="please">
+<center><h1>Applied Design</h1><center>
+<div class = "box3"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<br>
+<div class = "content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<h2>Our Original Applied Design</h2>
+<div class = "box31"></div><br>
+<h4>As technology is evolving faster than therapies can develop, we originally wanted to design an insulin pump to go along with our Single Chain Insulin. This is so that all diabetics are able to utilise our new insulin, and we are not forcing individuals to start injecting themselves again. Furthermore, we assumed that clinical trials would be required in the future for both of our Human Insulin and Winsulin, and that ultimately want to pursue a single one due to the extreme costs of clinical trials. We were also only considering an open source project, as this seemed to fit the most with the international collective movement of Open Insulin.</h4>
+</div>
+<br>
 <div class="row">
 <div class="wrapper">
-     <div class="container">
+     <div class="container_babe">
+ <div class="left">
+ <div class="top">
+                <input type="text" />
+                <a href="javascript:;" class="search"></a>
+            </div>
+            <ul class="people">
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#94bdc1"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Len Mancini</span>
+                    <span class="preview">A partner of Maxwells Patent and Trademark Attorneys and IP Lawyers.</span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#b5e2af"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Anthony Di Franco</span>
+                    <span class="preview">Our foreign friend over in the USA began the Open Insulin.</span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#bc86a7"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Edwina Wang</span>
+                    <span class="preview">A type I diabetic.</span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#f9ebb2"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Nick Coleman</span>
+                    <span class="preview">Our Primary Investigator. </span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#e5af98"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Biofoundry</span>
+                    <span class="preview">The local biohack lab. </span>
+                </li>
+            </ul>
+ </div>
          <div class="right">
              <div class="top"><span>To: <span class="name">Applied Design</span></span></div>
@@ Line 566: / Line 1,016: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Dr David Beran
+                 Biofoundry
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="beran">
-             	In my opinion, coaxing generic manufacturers to produce your insulin will be a hard feat considering the impassable barriers to entry, including a Good Manufacturing Practice certification for insulin production.
+             	In our opinion, coaxing generic manufacturers to produce your insulin will be a hard feat considering the impassable <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Applied_Design">barriers to entry</a>, including a Good Manufacturing Practice certification for insulin production.
              	</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 575: / Line 1,025: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble me">
-                 We can do that! iGEM is an international competition where teams across the world create and deposit genetic sequences into an open source registry, so that the global community can follow on from a single team’s work.
+                 Hold on, what's that?
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Dr David Beran
+                 Biofoundry
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="beran">
@@ Line 590: / Line 1,040: @@
 				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Len
+                 Len Mancini
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="len">
-             	– But hold on, you guys have something that could be considered a ‘new to market’ drug, which means you could patent this yourselves and raise money through investors who are comfortable that your company will function to produce profits, rather than a single insulin.
+             	But hold on, you guys have something that could be considered a ‘new to market’ drug, which means you could patent this yourselves and raise money through investors who are comfortable that your company will function to produce profits, rather than a single insulin.
              	</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 George
+                 Anothony Di Franco
              	</div>
-             	<div class="bubble you" id="george">
+             	<div class="bubble you" id="anthony">
              	We just raised $16, 656 through some crowd funding though, which is 227% of what we needed to kick start our lab work. If anything, this shows that when moneys needed to be raised, we can raise what we need and more!
              	</div>
@@ Line 608: / Line 1,058: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Dr David Beran
+                 Biofoundry
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="beran">
@@ Line 626: / Line 1,076: @@
 				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Dr David Beran
+                 Biofoundry
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="beran">
@@ Line 632: / Line 1,082: @@
              	</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Edwina
+                 Edwina Wang
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="edwina">
@@ Line 641: / Line 1,091: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="bubble me">
-                 Len, you’ve said before it would take about a full year and approx. AU$AU100 000 to fully prepare our Winsulin for patenting.
+                 Len, you’ve said before it would take about a full year and approx. $AU100 000 to fully prepare our Winsulin for patenting.
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Len
+                 Len Mancini
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="len">
@@ Line 656: / Line 1,106: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Nick
+                 Nick Coleman
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="nick">
@@ Line 673: / Line 1,123: @@
 </div>
+<div class = "content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<h2>Our Final Applied Design</h2>
+<div class = "box31"></div><br>
+<h4>Following these discussions, we decided to follow the mantra "Keep it Simple, Stupid" and just focus on synthesising insulin from bacteria, rahter than producing an insulin pump alongside it. We also decided to model the activity of our Winsulin to determine what kind of insulin it is. This will also be important information for future endeavours. Furthermore, we became a little more comfortable with the idea of going open source with our Winsulin also. However, these talks also demonstrated that raising the initial capital for manufacturing plants may be a little difficult given the start up costs, specifically Good Manufacturing Practice approvals.</h4>
+</div>
+<br>
+<div class = "row" align = "center">
+<div class = "content" id="please">
+<center><h1>Entrepreneurship</h1><center>
+<div class = "box4"></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class = "content" id = "please" align="center">
+<h2>Our Original Entrepreneurship Plan</h2>
+<div class = "box41"></div><br>
+<h4>Originally, we were full steam ahead on the open source direction. We planned on raising capital through crowd funding measures and with angel investors. Other open source tools were considered, such as Public Investment 'matching' schemes and Private Trading Schemes.</h4>
+</div>
+<br>
 <div class="row">
 <div class="wrapper">
-     <div class="container">
+     <div class="container_babe">
+<div class="left">
+ <div class="top">
+                <input type="text" />
+                <a href="javascript:;" class="search"></a>
+            </div>
+            <ul class="people">
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#ddbcd3"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Mike Nichols</span>
+                    <span class="preview">A local entrepreneur mentor at the INCUBATE Hub at Sydney University.</span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#dcfaff"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Narcyz Ghinea</span>
+                    <span class="preview">A specialist in access to high cost medicines (specifically cancer drugs).</span>
+                </li>
+                <li class="person" data-chat="person1">
+                    <div class="icon" style="background-color:#dbe5c3"></div>
+                    <span class="name">Neil Donelan</span>
+                    <span class="preview">Neil distributes unopened, unexpired insulin vials all across the world.
+</span>
+                </li>
+            </ul>
+ </div>
          <div class="right">
              <div class="top"><span>To: <span class="name">Entrepeneurship</span></span></div>
@@ Line 684: / Line 1,180: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Mike
+                 Mike Nichols
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="mike">
@@ Line 696: / Line 1,192: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Narcyz
+                 Narcyz Ghineaa
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="narcyz">
-             	Hey guys, slow down a little. In my research, I’ve found that on average, 85% of clinical trial costs are from government investment, rather than from profits made from the business. Though it’s never been done before, there could be great opportunities for an open source research group to use government grants and funding to support a clinical trial process.
+             	Hey guys, slow down a little. Discovering promising compounds is only one step in the process. It is the in-human trials that are needed to convince regulators the drug should be registered that is the real challenge for open source drug development. How are you going to fund that? If you want to get a drug to market entirely open-source without industry involvement you will probably need to consider “open source clinical trials”, and organise a network of people that are willing to do the necessarily research on a non-profit basis.
              	</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble_us">
@@ Line 708: / Line 1,204: @@
                  </div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Mike
+                 Mike Nichols
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="mike">
@@ Line 714: / Line 1,210: @@
 				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Neil
+                 Neil Donelan
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="neil">
@@ Line 720: / Line 1,216: @@
   				</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Mike
+                 Mike Nichols
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="mike">
@@ Line 726: / Line 1,222: @@
              	</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Neil
+                 Neil Donelan
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="neil">
-            	We have had a huge demand for insulin in Tanzania. Their diabetic population is quite large and is expected to grow significantly as better diagnostic tools are implemented, as estimated 2/3rds of their diabetic population are currently undiagnosed in Africa alone.
+            We have had huge demand for insulin in Tanzania in Africa. Their diabetic population is quite large and is expected to grow significantly as better diagnostic tools are implemented, as estimated 2/3rds of their diabetic population are currently undiagnosed in Africa alone. The South East Asian, and Pacific rim regions also need to be closely monitored.
              	</div>
                  <div class="name_above_bubble">
-                 Mike
+                 Mike Nichols
              	</div>
              	<div class="bubble you" id="mike">
@@ Line 743: / Line 1,239: @@
                  These are all such great insights. We really need to consider our options.
                  </div>
-                <div class="interlude">
-                <span>Upon later reflection and planning, we’ve decided that the open source option is the most applicable moving forward. <br><br>Our international connections and global traction make us confident that our work will be continued in various laboratories across the world. <br><br>With this global force, we hope that the grass-roots approach will ultimately work to provide all corners of the globe the insulin they all need to survive. </span>
-                                </div>
              </div>
          </div>
@@ Line 751: / Line 1,244: @@
 </div>
 </div>
-<div class="row" style="height:10vh;"></div>
+<div class = "content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<h2>Our Final Entrepreneurship Plan</h2>
+<div class = "box41"></div><br>
+<h4>Ultimately, we stuck with our guns and are following the Open Source Route. Although, these discussions really made us question as to whether the Open Source option really was our best option, especially noting the clinical trial costs and manufacturing barriers to enter the market. Following this discussion, we decided to explore the viability of open-source insulin, comparing them to the standard business model - including the costs / barriers of entry that were involved. The summary of our research can be found on <a href = "https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Entrepreneurship">our Entrepreneurship Page</a>. Our decision came down to the open source method to continue with the international collaborations we have developed throughout the year. Further research is also required to determine just how applicable our Winsulin is as a therapeutic agent, so keeping the research open to the international community means theres more opportunity for this research to occur. Since our project began as an open source collaboration with <a href = "http://openinsulin.org/">Open Insulin</a>, we decided to continue sharing the work we have done on both human insulin and Winsulin.</h4>
 </div>
+<br>
+<div class = "container_babe-fluid">
+<div class = "row content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<h1>Profiles</h1>
+<div class = "box1"></div>
+</div>
+<div class = "row content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href="http://sydney.edu.au/science/people/nicholas.coleman.php">Dr Nicholas Coleman</h1>
+<div class = "divider"></div>
+<h4>Our PI and primary mentor, was the first to instigate the project through his relationships with members of Biofoundry. His scientific experience and knowledge was integral to work across the entire project.</h4>
+</div>
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/people/academics/profiles/narcyz.ghinea.php">Narcyz Ghinea</h1>
+<div class = "divider1"></div>
+<h4>Narcyz is a doctoral researcher at the School of Public Health at the University of Sydney, specializing in studying access to high-cost medicines and generic and biosimilar policy. We spoke to him about where funding for clinical trials is sourced from, while also discussing how an open source business may function in this space. He alerted us to the potential of the government to fund our initial start-up and research costs, which we fed back into our <a href = "https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Applied_Design">potential business model design.</a></h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class = "row content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "http://www.maxpat.com/about-us-2/our-team/leonard-mancini/">Len Mancini</h1>
+<div class = "divider2"></div>
+<h4>A partner at <a href = "http://www.maxpat.com/">Maxwells Patent and Trademark Attorneys,</a> he educated us on the intricacies of patent law, and assisted us in ensuring our design of Winsulin did not encroach on any existing patents. From this discussion we were made aware that we would need to consider all insulins on the market and all of the production methods associated with them, if we wanted to make a patent of Winsulin and/or its production. This inspired us to pursue a study of the <a href = "https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Patent_Law">current patents.</a></h4>
+</div>
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "https://www.insulinforlife.org.au/info/about">Neil Donelan</h1>
+<div class = "divider3"></div>
+<h4>A member of the board of Insulin For Life, a tax-exempt, not-for-profit organization focused on obtaining excess insulin and insulin related products for distribution to countries where many diabetics cannot afford their treatments. He alerted us to the reality of insulin transport – that insulin can be transported even without refrigeration. This ultiamtely made us feel more confident than any insulin we produce will be stable enough to not require cold-chain transportation.</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class = "row content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "https://incubate.org.au/mentors/mike-nichols/">Mike Nichols</h1>
+<div class = "divider4"></div>
+<h4>Entrepreneur and mentor at INCUBATE, an award-winning startup program at the University of Sydney, and team member of CSIRO’s Main Sequence Ventures fund. Mike alerted us to the issues of purely open-source ventures – particularly the issues of sustainable income and start-up costs. He also inspired us to develop a potential business model that is not purely open-source, and encouraged us to consider venturing into countries where insulin is highly in demand. This advice and expertise informed our <a href = "https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Applied_Design">potential business model</a> development to include this option.</h4>
+</div>
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "http://openinsulin.org/team/">Anthony Di Franco</h1>
+<div class = "divider5"></div>
+<h4>Anthony Di Franco is a board member of <a href = "http://www.counterculturelabs.org/projects.html">Counter Culture Labs</a>, and founder of OpenInsulin project – an open-source research project aimed at developing new methods of producing insulin to increase its affordability and accessibility to those in need. As a Type 1 Diabetic himself, understands the needs of diabetics reliant on insulin for survival. He is one of the individuals that sparked our interest in producing an open-source insulin solution, and so was a main instigator in starting the project.</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class = "row content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1>Jeni - Our Local Pharmacist</h1>
+<div class = "divider6"></div>
+<h4>Jeni identified the issue with biosimilars as seen by endocrinologists prescribing insulin to diabetics: once prescribed, an insulin user must remain on the same analogue, lest there be issues with allerginicity from other analogues. We applied this information by ensuring our human proinsulin sequence is the exact same as it would be in the body.</h4>
+</div>
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1>Edwina Wang</h1>
+<div class = "divider7"></div>
+<h4>A friend of ours, and a Type I diabetic, Edwina gave personal experiences about her use of insulin and gave us feedback on the functionality of the insulin we produce, saying that it is crucial to know if it will be long or short acting. We applied this advice by <a href = "https://2017.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia/Model">modelling</a> our Winsulin construct to predict its physiological activity, and found that it will most likely be short-acting.
+</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class = "row content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "http://www.afr.com/brand/boss/true-leaders-game-changers-2017-meowludo-meowmeow-20170915-gyijue">Meow-Ludo Meow Meow</h1>
+<div class = "divider8"></div>
+<h4>A Trailblazer in open-source synthetic biology, Meow was also a link to the OpenInsulin project through his community lab <a href = "http://foundry.bio/">Biofoundry.</a> He also acted as another mentor in the field of open-source science, illuminating the many possibilities it entails.</h4>
+</div>
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "http://www.unige.ch/medecine/diabetescentre/fr/membres/beran/">Dr David Beran</h1>
+<div class = "divider9"></div>
+<h4>A researcher and lecturer at Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, we spoke to him about his work publishing the <a href = "http://haiweb.org/what-we-do/acciss/">ACCISS</a> paper published by Health Action International, that outlines the issues of global inaccessibility to insulin. He granted us permission to use the information found in the reports he’s published online to enhance our understanding of the global insulin market.
+</h4>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class = "row content" id = "please" align = "center">
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+<h1 href = "http://ihpi.umich.edu/our-experts/parvan">Dr Peter Arvan</h1>
+<div class = "divider10"></div>
+<h4>A professor at the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation. Professor Arvan gave us his permission to use his work on single-chain insulins as a primary scaffold for our design, and for providing the foundational information that first inspired us to pursue such a project.
+</h4>
+</div>
+<div class = "col-xs-6">
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="row" style="height:20vh;"></div>
+</div>
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Difference between revisions of "Team:Sydney Australia/HP/Gold Integrated"

Latest revision as of 00:20, 16 December 2017

About Our Integrated Human Practices

Project Design

Our Original Project Design

Our Final Project Design

Applied Design

Our Original Applied Design

Our Final Applied Design

Entrepreneurship

Our Original Entrepreneurship Plan

Originally, we were full steam ahead on the open source direction. We planned on raising capital through crowd funding measures and with angel investors. Other open source tools were considered, such as Public Investment 'matching' schemes and Private Trading Schemes.

Our Final Entrepreneurship Plan

Profiles

Dr Nicholas Coleman

Our PI and primary mentor, was the first to instigate the project through his relationships with members of Biofoundry. His scientific experience and knowledge was integral to work across the entire project.

Narcyz Ghinea

Len Mancini

Neil Donelan

Mike Nichols

Anthony Di Franco

Jeni - Our Local Pharmacist

Edwina Wang

Meow-Ludo Meow Meow

A Trailblazer in open-source synthetic biology, Meow was also a link to the OpenInsulin project through his community lab Biofoundry. He also acted as another mentor in the field of open-source science, illuminating the many possibilities it entails.

Dr David Beran

Dr Peter Arvan