Team:TU Darmstadt/project/hydrogel

ChiTUcare

ChiTUcare

Project
Chitin Synthase
Chitinase
Chitin Deacetylase
Regulation System
Hydrogel
Chemistry
Modeling
Parts
Human Practices
Tech
Team
Judging

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The Hydrogels

Hydrogels are three-dimensional systems with hydrophilic polymer chains with high water content. The advantages of hydrogels are the special characteristics such as biocompatibility, elasticity and modifiable chemical properties. There are two kinds of gels, natural and synthetic. The natural ones consists of natural polysaccharides which are harvested from renewable resources and are abundant, nontoxic, inexpensive and biodegradable materials. They receive an increasing attention in various fields, like medicinal research.
We want to produce such a hydrogel and modify it to detect pathogenic bacteria visually in wounds. To evaluate an ideal hydrogel, various compositions were tested, like pure chitosan or chitosan in combination with agarose, agar or alginate. During this work various promising hydrogels could be produced.

Introduction

Patients with burn wounds or other poor-healing wounds, like diabetes wounds, often suffer from various complications such as infections. Until now the common medical bandages have to be removed to monitor the wound healing progress. To examine if there is an infection, which implies the presence of pathogenic bacteria, samples of the wound have to be taken and studied in a specialized laboratory. This is a long time and expensive process and we want to simplify and accelerate this procedure. The solution for the problem is a hydrogel, which is characterized by containing water, forming a solid three-dimensional network structures and being water insoluble. Most hydrogels could swell in aqueous solutions; for our purpose, as a wound bandage, it can be used to absorb some of the wound fluid. Furthermore it can be attached hermetically and the moisture provided by the hydrogel leads therefore to ideal wound healing conditions. An optimal polymer for such a hydrogel is chitosan (poly-1,4-β-D-glucopyranosamine). It has beneficial properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability. Furthermore, chitosan has reactive amine side groups, which offer possibilities for modifications, like the linkage of a fluorophore to detect the pathogenic bacteria. [2]
The hemostatic chitosan is reported to have intrinsic antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Furthermore it promotes scar free wound healing and has care effects, and is antiallergic [3]. In addition human epithelium could heal along the chitosan matrix, so no wound distance grid is necessary and it has skin cooling effects. [1]. It is an ideal scaffold material to manufacture different types of hydrogels, salves, pastes or solid bandages. Most chitosan hydrogel topical wound dressings are formed using an expensive or toxic crosslinking agent, which we want to avoid.
Due to that we can deliver an optimal wound healing and monitoring bandage for these affected patients without the need to disrupt the healing process. The hydrogel should help preventing or treat wound infections of any degree of burns.

Production

To evaluate an ideal hydrogel, various compositions were tested, like pure chitosan or chitosan in combination with agarose, agar or alginate. During this work various promising hydrogels could be produced. The kind of hydrogels we want to create are due to their compounds not toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, while at the same time having low-cost and easy to manufacturing processes. They are easy to produce in different sizes and thicknesses. While being flexible they keep their stability, which makes it comfortable for patients to wear, aswell easy to manufacture, handle and apply on patients. The pH-level of our hydrogels are easy to regulate. We were focused to work with basic laboratory equipment. For the preparation of chitosan hydrogels, an acidic environment is usually required to dissolve chitosan. We manufactured our chitosan containing hydrogel in aqueous acetic acid.
A long time continuous mechanical stirring (6 hours) is required to dissolve the chitosan in the acetic acid-deionized water solution. Under continuous pH measurement it needs mechanically stirring for 12 hours. This solution needs to rest for at least 12 hours for further processing.

Chitosan Hydrogel solidified in Alginate-Quercetin solution

Chitosan Hydrogel with high pH-level

Chitosan-Agarose Hydrogel

Chitosan-Agar Hydrogel

Chitosan Hydrogel solidified in Alginate-Quercetin solution

The alginate/quercetin solution was poured into a mold and then liquid-friezed. The 2% chitosan solution was then poured onto it and streaked out to the certain thickness, covered with the alginate/quercetin solution, placed into the 37° incubator for 24 hours.

After the solidification process the arosed solid hydrogel was rinsed with ultrapure water. Placed into an aqueous solution it will swell massively after time.
The swelling degree of the hydrogel was calculated by

$\mathrm{DS\; =}\frac{\mathrm{Ww\; -\; Wd}}{\mathrm{Ww}}x100$

DS: degree of swelling. Wd: dry weight. Ww: wet weight

The hydrogel were saturated with the liquid in which it was immersed. Our manufactured hydrogel has a degree of swelling of almost 600 %.

Chitosan Hydrogel with high pH-level

Manufacturing process of our chitosan hydrogel with a high pH-level was performed by rinsing the 2% chitosan solution with a defined NaOH solution with the desired pH-level.

Produced hydrogel rinsed with NaOH solution(pH 10) (left). Transparency shown (right)

Chitosan-Agarose hydrogel

A hydrogel composed of chitosan and agarose fulfils most of the required criteria for an “ideal” wound dressing. Agarose is a biocompatible, linear polysaccharide which is extracted from marine algae. It consists of 1,4-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose and 1,3-linked β-D-galactose derivatives.
When the agarose is dissolved in water, it forms a gel with a three-dimensional scaffold and a porous structure providing a good environment for cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation. It is capable of gelling within the desired site because of the polymer interaction. By varying the concentration of agarose in the hydrogel, the mechanical properties, which are similar to those of tissues, can easily be adjusted [4].
The preparation of such a hydrogel is quite simple. The desired amount of agarose is dissolved in water. 1 % acetic acid and the desired amount of chitosan are dissolved in water, simultaneously. Both solution are mixed and heated while stirring until the solution is clear. We transferred this mixture in a petri dish with the desired thickness. We examined gels with concentrations of 1 -3 % agarose and 1 – 3 % chitosan. The most promising variation is the hydrogel with 1 % agarose and 1 % chitosan. It forms a stable, elastic gel which allows easy handling. The simplicity of preparing the hydrogel and its multifunctionality allows many future applications of agarose-based hydrogels [5].

Chitosan-Agarose-Hydrogel

Chitosan-Agar hydrogel

The mixture of chitosan with agar forms hydrogels with enhanced swelling compared to pure chitosan ones. Agar is a hydrophilic cell-wall polysaccharide extracted from the family of seaweeds. It composes of alternating (1-4)-D-galactose and (1-3)-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose repeating units and forms reversible gels even with a low concentration because of the formation of hydrogen bonds[2][6]. It is soluble in hot water and forms a gel during cooling. The polymer is biodegradable, low-cost, environmentally friendly and easy to extract. It is already used in pharmaceutical industry as a gelling, stabilizing and encapsulating agent [7]. The preparation is the same procedure as for agarose, just with agar instead of the agarose. The most promising variation was, as well as with agarose, the hydrogel with 1 % agar and 1 % chitosan. It forms a stable, elastic gel which allows easy handling.

Produced chitosan-agar hydrogel

References

[1]	Tsou, Y. H., Khoneisser, J., Huang, P. C., and Xu, X. (2016) Hydrogel as a bioactive material to regulate stem cell fate. Bioactive Materials, 1, 29 – 55 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2016.05.001
[2]	El-Hefian, E. A., Nasef, M. M., and Yahaya, A. H. (2012) Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Agar Blended Films: Part 1. Chemical Structure and Morphology. E-Journal of Chemistry, 9, 1431 - 1439 DOI: 10.1155/2012/781206
[3]	Ahsan, S. M., Thomas, M., Reddy, K. K., Sooraparaju, S. G., Asthana, A., and Bhatnagar, I. (2017) Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery and tissue engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules/, In Press DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.140
[4]	Miguel, S. P., Ribeiro, M. P., Brancal, H., Coutinho, P., and Correia, I. J. (2014) Thermoresponsive chitosan-agarose hydrogel for skin regeneration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 111, 366 – 373 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.093
[5]	Cao, Z., Gilbert, R. J., and He, W. (2009) Simple Agarose-Chitosan Gel Composite System for Enhanced Neuronal Growth in Three Dimensions. Biomacromolecules, 10, 2954 – 2959 DOI: 10.1021/bm900670n
[6]	El-Hefian, E. A., Nasef, M. M., and Yahaya, A. H. (2012) Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Agar Blended Films: Part 2. Thermal, Mechanical, and Surface Properties. E-Journal of Chemistry, 9, 510 – 516 DOI: 10.1155/2012/285318
[7]	Sousa, A. M. M., Sereno, A. M., Hilliou, L., and Goncalves, M. P. (2010) Biodegradable Agar extracted from Gracilaria Vermiculophylla: Film Properties and Application to Edible Coating. Materials Science Forum, 636-637, 739 – 744 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.636-637.739

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