Team:Manchester/Collaborations
Collaborations
Click on the map to find out about each team that participated in the collaboration!
Manchester Team
Track: Environment
Our project is tackling two environmental problems: eutrophication and phosphorus reserves depletion. We have designed bacteria which can accumulate phosphorus from water, thus killing two birds with one stone.
As part of our Integrated Human Practices, we have created a business model for our project. This document helped us to decide where our potential business could be most easily set up from a legal point of view.
Virginia Team
Track: Environment
Our project focused on improving the wastewater treatment process through uniting the functions of nitrification and denitrification in a single chassis. This system is more energy-efficient as less water oxygenation is required.
Knowing what legislation within the United States regulates the use of GMOs within the environment and with products such as drinking water is important if we want to make our project usable outside the laboratory.
Visit the Virginia wiki here
IIT_Delhi Team
Track: Information processing
Our team worked on a square wave generator, which has the potential to revolutionize the periodic drug delivery, biological clocks, bacterial memory storage systems and many other fields.
This GMM regulations document was a great source of help to commercialise the iGEM project with the rules laid down for business across the globe, guiding through the best place for setup.
Visit the IIT Delhi wiki here
ITB Indonesia Team
Track: Environment
Our project tackled the problem of microplastic water pollution by designing bacteria that could degrade micro-plastic on the open ocean.
This document provided the regulation information for the future worldwide implementation of our project, which made us consider the role our project might play in the developing world.
Visit the ITB Indonesia wiki here
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Macquarie Team
Track: Energy
Our team researched the use of GM E-coli to produce hydrogen gas as a sustainable, zero-emission fuel source. Our prototype is a station that utilises our technology to enable drivers of hydrogen-powered vehicles to refuel their vehicle at home.
This document was very helpful in developing our business plan as it guided our decisions about consumer perceptions of GMOs, laws that we need to consider and authoritative bodies we need to approach.
Visit the Macquarie wiki here
Botchan_Lab_Tokyo Team
Track: Food & nutrition
Our team worked on creating nitrogen fixating E.coli, which can help babies under 1000 days suffering from malnutrition. Theoretically, our bacteria could help babies turn nitrogen from air they inhale into proteins.
As our future vision, we thought of commercialising our GMMs by putting nitrogen-fixing GMMs into specific capsules. This document helped us when thinking how we can commercialise our project.
Visit the Botchan Lab Tokyo wiki here
KUAS Korea Team
Track: Diagnostics
We made an edible probiotics that allows for a DIY method of stool analysis. This helps identify diseases, which would be otherwise untreated as people feel uncomfortable discussing these issues with specialists.
The act of investigating led us to meeting a member of National Assembly, the GMM regulating-institution, which expanded our understanding of the way synthetic biology changes our society.
Visit the KUAS Korea wiki here
AQA Unesp Team
Track: Therapeutics
Our project aims to develop a new treatment for type 1 diabetes using genetically engineered probiotic bacteria.
This document was very useful for us to understand the laws in our country as the research we undertook made us realize the complexity of Brazilian legislations regarding GMOs used for therapeutical reasons.
Visit the AQA Unesp wiki here
UChile_OpenBio-CeBiB Team
Track: Environment
Greenhardtii Project is an initiative that searches to generate a green microalgae with optimised capacity of carbon uptake, using this as cellular fuel to make it a production platform of desired biomolecules.
Creating this document made us realise Chile stands out due to the lack of regulations for GMO. This prompted us to introducing a debate into the community about the implementation of regulations for GMM, which expanded the human practices part of our project.
Visit the UChile_OpenBio-CeBiB wiki here
UAlberta Team
Track: Foundational advance
Team UALberta has developed a buoyancy-based screening system for protein-protein interactions in E-Coli.
This document put to perspective the worldwide concerns associated with genetic modification of organisms. We used it to educate the general public about the overarching reach of synthetic biology and its place in modern society.
Visit the UAlberta wiki here
Click on the map to find out about each team that participated in the collaboration!
Manchester Team
Track: Environment
Our project is tackling two environmental problems: eutrophication and phosphorus reserves depletion. We have designed bacteria which can accumulate phosphorus from water, thus killing two birds with one stone.
As part of our Integrated Human Practices, we have created a business model for our project. This document helped us to decide where our potential business could be most easily set up from a legal point of view.
Virginia Team
Track: Environment
Our project focused on improving the wastewater treatment process through uniting the functions of nitrification and denitrification in a single chassis. This system is more energy-efficient as less water oxygenation is required.
Knowing what legislation within the United States regulates the use of GMOs within the environment and with products such as drinking water is important if we want to make our project usable outside the laboratory.
Visit the Virginia wiki here
IIT_Delhi Team
Track: Information processing
Our team worked on a square wave generator, which has the potential to revolutionize the periodic drug delivery, biological clocks, bacterial memory storage systems and many other fields.
This GMM regulations document was a great source of help to commercialise the iGEM project with the rules laid down for business across the globe, guiding through the best place for setup.
Visit the IIT Delhi wiki here
ITB Indonesia Team
Track: Environment
Our project tackled the problem of microplastic water pollution by designing bacteria that could degrade micro-plastic on the open ocean.
This document provided the regulation information for the future worldwide implementation of our project, which made us consider the role our project might play in the developing world.
Visit the ITB Indonesia wiki here
Macquarie Team
Track: Energy
Our team researched the use of GM E-coli to produce hydrogen gas as a sustainable, zero-emission fuel source. Our prototype is a station that utilises our technology to enable drivers of hydrogen-powered vehicles to refuel their vehicle at home.
This document was very helpful in developing our business plan as it guided our decisions about consumer perceptions of GMOs, laws that we need to consider and authoritative bodies we need to approach.
Visit the Macquarie wiki here
Botchan_Lab_Tokyo Team
Track: Food & nutrition
Our team worked on creating nitrogen fixating E.coli, which can help babies under 1000 days suffering from malnutrition. Theoretically, our bacteria could help babies turn nitrogen from air they inhale into proteins.
As our future vision, we thought of commercialising our GMMs by putting nitrogen-fixing GMMs into specific capsules. This document helped us when thinking how we can commercialise our project.
Visit the Botchan Lab Tokyo wiki here
KUAS Korea Team
Track: Diagnostics
We made an edible probiotics that allows for a DIY method of stool analysis. This helps identify diseases, which would be otherwise untreated as people feel uncomfortable discussing these issues with specialists.
The act of investigating led us to meeting a member of National Assembly, the GMM regulating-institution, which expanded our understanding of the way synthetic biology changes our society.
Visit the KUAS Korea wiki here
AQA Unesp Team
Track: Therapeutics
Our project aims to develop a new treatment for type 1 diabetes using genetically engineered probiotic bacteria.
This document was very useful for us to understand the laws in our country as the research we undertook made us realize the complexity of Brazilian legislations regarding GMOs used for therapeutical reasons.
Visit the AQA Unesp wiki here
UChile_OpenBio-CeBiB Team
Track: Environment
Greenhardtii Project is an initiative that searches to generate a green microalgae with optimised capacity of carbon uptake, using this as cellular fuel to make it a production platform of desired biomolecules.
Creating this document made us realise Chile stands out due to the lack of regulations for GMO. This prompted us to introducing a debate into the community about the implementation of regulations for GMM, which expanded the human practices part of our project.
Visit the UChile_OpenBio-CeBiB wiki here
UAlberta Team
Track: Foundational advance
Team UALberta has developed a buoyancy-based screening system for protein-protein interactions in E-Coli.
This document put to perspective the worldwide concerns associated with genetic modification of organisms. We used it to educate the general public about the overarching reach of synthetic biology and its place in modern society.
Visit the UAlberta wiki here
Introduction
As participants in the iGEM Competition, we have come to accept the ability to modify genes as an obvious fact, one that does not require much reflection on our end. At the same time, whilst we understand such possibility is granted to us by law, not many realise the extent to which law may incentivise, guide, shape and, at times, limit our efforts. It originates from politics, creates institutional procedures, gives life to new businesses, dictates the pace of scientific progress, and affects consumer choices. In this, law reflects the perceptions of its creators while its creators reflect diversity of the country’s citizens. In this, law is diverse.
In this collaboration, we aimed at creating a document that would illustrate that very depth and diversity of law. For this reason, the first issue we discussed is law-related politics, the second its bureaucracy, third law’s impact on business, fourth on science and finally on consumer behaviour. Willing to gain an even deeper understanding of GMM legislations, we have invited 15 teams from different countries to participate in these collaborative efforts. In the end, the final document has been created by 127 iGEMers from 10 teams, 10 countries, 7 different iGEM tracks and 5 continents. Have a look at the fruits of the 3 months-long interactions, discussions and meet-ups.
Summaries
The institutional bodies that enforce the laws regarding the use of GMMs differ a lot across the world. In many countries in Asia (Japan, Indonesia, and Korea) and Canada, ministries and departments are responsible for enforcing the laws of GMMs. The kinds of ministries enforcing the laws as well as their numbers vary from country to country, but usually the large organizations are in charge.
*Click on each flag to see the response of each individual team!*
We can distinguish two different administrative ways in which countries decided to regulate the use of GMMs. One way government regulate GMMs is by establishing a special, often non-governmental, organisation, which usually also acts as an information centre in the field of synthetic biology. The other way involves assigning conventional ministries to regulate the use of GMMs in their respective fields.
*Click on each flag to see the response of each individual team!*
The legal requirements in the European Union, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Indonesia and India are very similar. All uses of GMOs require risk assessments to be run before the start of the production. The exact procedures related to obtaining permissions to use GMOs in the production vary, however, according to the target use of the final products or the way the GMOs are handled in the production process. As a general rule, products related to human health as well as those used as food or feed have to follow stricter GMO procedures, such as obtaining approvals from several ministries or labelling your final products in a predescribed manner. Environmental release of GMOs is also given serious attention although the procedures are not as tight, just as in the case of contained GMO use. Usually, the target use also dictates which Ministry will be responsible for the evaluation and approval of the planned GMO use. These could include Ministries of Agriculture, Health, Food, Fisheries, Forestry, Environment and many more.
*Click on each flag to see the response of each individual team!*
It can be noticed all countries participating in this collaboration, share the standard protocols of good practices in a laboratory, which includes the following:
*Click on each flag to see the response of each individual team!*
Ministry of Health by the Public Health Institute (ISP) provides the following services: The legal requirements for disclosing GMOs within food and other products differ across the world. Some countries within the Americas have little to no laws in place regarding GMO labelling. In the USA, there are no official obligations for companies to label any products containing GMOs. The same applies to Canada, unless the food is likely to pose a health or safety risk to consumers, in which case full disclosure of GMOs is mandatory. The Brazilian government, which has until now required companies to label transgenic products with a T symbol, is (as of 2017) currently considering removing this law. Chilean government might be a notable exception as it prohibits the introduction into the market of any products containing GMOs.
*Click on each flag to see the response of each individual team!*
Currently, if the product is made of a GMMs plant/seed or if the final product contains any traces of a GMM used as an ingredient, the package must have a symbol “T” of transgenic (figure below) on its package and the words “This product contains [name of the organism] transgenic.” However, the Congress and the Senate are currently voting on a project that modifies this law to remove the “T” symbol and leave the words “This product contains [name of the organism] transgenic” only if 1% or more of the final product has been genetically modified. The documents related to GMM concern a wide range of issues like Manufacturing, Transportation, Safety, Environment, Health, etc.
*Click on each flag to see the response of each individual team!*
1. What institutional body enforces the laws regarding the use of GMMs?
On the other hand, countries like India, Brazil, the United States, and Australia have more specialied committees or institutions of biotechnology and biosafety and these committees are responsible for enforcing the laws.
In the European Union, the European Commission is responsible for enforcing the GMO laws to be followed by all member countries. Chile doesn’t have a clear regulation for biotechnology, but has responsible institutions when commercing or trading.
Stemming from research from the University of Virginia and EMBO, the J. Craig Venter Policy Center Team has concluded that the United States lack an agency that specifically focuses on enforcing laws regarding GMMs. Instead, there is legislation such as the Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology and the President's Commission for studying Bio-ethical issues, which was established by Barack Obama. As of now, the regulatory agency with the most regulatory control on issues regarding synthetic biology is the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
In accordance with Foods and Drugs Act, Health Canada, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Environment Canada are the administrative branches responsible for the regulation of products derived from biotechnology. Health Canada’s role is to enforce standards for safety and nutritional quality of all foods sold in Canada. It works under the Foods and Drugs Act. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) role is to minimize diseases and other public health hazards that could potentially be caused by the food supply system. Fisheries and Oceans Canada role is to regulate Canadian fisheries, oceans and freshwater resources. This joint effort helps ensure that informed decisions regarding GMMs by pooling the expertise and considerations of each agency together.
European Commission is the institution responsible for proposing and implementing legislations applying to all member countries. Member countries may additionally restrict or prohibit the cultivation of GMMs in their territory. This possibility, however, is regulated by Directive (EU) 2015/412 adopted by the EU.
In Australia, the use of GMMs is regulated under a nationwide legislative framework consisting of two main branches: the Gene Technology Regulator and Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). Individual states and territories also have their own legislation in accordance with this framework.
In Brazil, the Biosafety Law (Law 11105/05) sets the safety rules and fiscalisation of GMMs and its derivatives in the national territory. The National Technical Committee of Biosafety (CTNBio) is responsible for enforcing the laws and setting the rules for the construction, experimentation, cultivation, manipulation, transport, commercialization, consumption, release and discarding of GMMs and its derivatives.
Chile doesn’t have a clear regulation for biotechnology. However, the Agricultural and Livestock Service is responsible for the importation, sowing and propagation of GMOs, also regulating the exportation of seeds (Law N° 3.557/82 actualised Law N°1523/2001). The Ministry of Health, on the other hand, regulates the labelling of food made with the use of GMOs (Article 107).
India is currently undergoing a massive overhaul in their laws and regulations regarding GMOs. Currently, there is a proposed “Regulations and guidelines on biosafety of recombinant DNA research and biocontainment, 2017’ draft that has been prepared and opened for comments. Currently, under the proposal, the following 6 bodies are in charge of enforcing laws regarding GMOs and GMMs -
1. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC) - Advisory
2. Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC) - Regulatory/ Approval
3. Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) - Regulatory/ Approval
4. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) - Regulatory/ Approval
5. State Biotechnology Coordination Committee (SBCC) - Regulatory/ Approval
6. Monitoring District Level Committee (DLC) - Monitoring
The laws regarding the use of GMMs are regulated by 4 ministries: The Ministry of Agriculture, The Ministry of Forestry and Plantation, The Ministry of Health, and The Ministry of Food and Horticulture. They created the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 year of 2005 (PP No. 21/2005) on Biosafety of GMO.
In Japan, mainly Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of the Environment is responsible for the use of GMMs. With these ministries at the core, other institutions such as Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare are also responsible for GMMs in each related field.
The usage of the GMMs in Korea is strictly regulated by the GMO Law, established on Jan 28, 2001. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy takes charge of this law.
2. Who regulates the use of GMMs on a case-by-case basis?
The European Union, Australia, and Indonesia belong to the first group. For example, in Australia, Gene Technology Regulator Advisory Committee takes charge of making decisions on products’ approval. Competent authorities in the European Union and The Biosafety Commission and The Technical Team for Biosafety in Indonesia have similar roles.
Brazil, Canada, Chile, Korea, India, Japan and the US belong to the second group, where conventional ministries are responsible for their respective fields. Even though the names of these ministries might differ amongst the countries, it seems to be a more prevalent way to regulate GMO. Additional information centres might be present to help the ministries make decisions, nonetheless.
The US Food and Drug Administration regulates any GMMs that get used in consumer products, such as GMMs in food or cosmetics. The US Department of Agriculture regulates any genetic modification of plants. However, any GMMs that are to be released into the environment are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Manufacturers wishing to make their products available in Canada are required to submit paperwork (including manufacturing and quality control methodologies, pre-clinical and clinical tests, side effects and limitation), as well multiple samples in the case of biologics, to Health Canada. Health Canada will then evaluate the product according to the regulations set out in the Food and Drugs Act, the Food and Drugs Regulations, and the Medical Devices Regulations.
All member countries are obliged to establish ’competent authorities,’ institutions responsible for overseeing the use of GMMs on a case-by-case basis.
It is the role of the Gene Technology Regulator Advisory Committee to assess all data supplied by any applicant (who is intending to release GMMs into the environment) and perform a comprehensive literature review to determine whether or not it will be approved. FSANZ also regulates the use of GMMs in foods for human consumption on an individual case-by-case basis.
The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) approves and inspects the use of GMMs and its derivatives in any products for human use (e.g., pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food). The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Supply (MAPA) is responsible for regulating the use of modified seeds and plants. All GMMs must be approved for release by CTNBio.
Environment Ministry regulates crops for production with environmental impact service (SEA) (Law N° 19.300/1994). The Health Ministry has a specific regulation for food and drinks. For the propagation of any GMO, the Agricultural and Livestock Service is in charge.
As per the proposed “Regulations and guidelines on biosafety of recombinant DNA research and biocontainment, 2017’’, the following has been proposed -
Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) [formerly known as Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), has been established under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). The major functions of GEAC as prescribed in the Rules 1989 are:
i. To appraise activities involving large scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from the environmental angle.
ii. To appraise proposals relating to release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment including experimental field trials.
iii. The committee or any persons authorized by it has powers to take punitive action under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
The SBCC is a monitoring committee at State level and it shall have powers:
i. To inspect, investigate and to take punitive action in case of violations of statutory provisions through the State Pollution Control Board or the Directorate of Health etc.
ii. To review periodically the safety and control measures in various institutions handling GE Organisms.
iii. To act as nodal agency at State level to assess the damage, if any, due to release of GE Organisms and to take on site control measures.
There shall be a District Level Biotechnology Committee (DLC) in the districts wherever necessary under the District Collectors to monitor the safety regulations in installations engaged in the use of genetically modified organisms/ hazardous microorganisms and its applications in the environment.
The District Level Committee/or any other person/s authorized in this behalf shall visit the installation engaged in activity involving genetically engineered organisms, hazardous microorganisms, formulate information chart, find out hazards and risks associated with each of these installations and coordinate activities with a view to meeting any emergency. They shall also prepare an off-site emergency plan. The District Level Committee shall regularly submit its report to the SBCC/ GEAC.
On a case-by-case basis, it is regulated by a specific non-ministry government institution The Biosafety Commission and The Technical Team for Biosafety on 5 different fields: foods, plants, animals, fishes, and microorganisms. They review all the required technical documents and inform whether or not it is needed to do a follow-up laboratory test and so on.
In Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, and Ministry of the Environment regulate the use of GMMs on research and development. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of the Environment regulate the use of GMMs that are agricultural produce. Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and Ministry of the Environment regulate the use of GMMs that are pharmaceuticals for human body.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology regulates the gene recombination experiments. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry regulates the use of GMMs on a production of enzymes for industrial use. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries regulates the use of GMMs on a production or sale of experimental animals.
The committee of the Biosafety is the umbrella body for other GMO supervising ministries. With the help of the Korea Biosafety Clearing House (KBCH), which is the information center, each Ministry takes care of case falling under their supervision. For instance, the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning is in charge of the academical usages of GMOs.
3. What legal requirements do I have to fulfil in order to be able to use GMMs in my business?
In Korea, the procedure is also similar but it requires a payment of a examination fee that costs 4000 dollars. In the USA, GMO plants are considered equivalent to non-GMO plants and do not require much further approval; only if the plant express a protein that is significantly different from any protein originally expressed, will a respective institution be required to approve of such use. In Chile, on the other hand, it is forbidden to commercialise GMOs as only seed exportation is allowed.
Under FDA regulations, most plant GMOs are considered equivalent to non-GMOs and do not require much further approval. However, if the modified plant expresses a protein that is significantly different from any protein it originally expressed, then the business must get approval from the FDA.
To receive EPA approval for GMOs with the Bt toxin, the business must conduct a food-safety analysis and verify that the toxin will be safe for the environment. GMOs without this toxin can be freely used.
If it involves Health Products it must go through:
• Review and evaluation. (ie. pre-clinical trials in vitro, labelling of the product, etc).
• Compliance and Enforcement Activities which include fulfilling areas in Education, Consultation, and Information; Compliance Monitoring; Compliance Verifications and Investigation; and Enforcement.
• Monitoring and Tracking involves the process of continual monitoring after a product has been released to the market. This allows the public to interact with the product and provide valuable feedback.
If it involves Food Products it requires:
• Pre-market assessment is required under the Food and Drug regulations and is a science-based safety and nutritional assessment where the food product must fulfill a criteria.
• Letter of no Objection must be sent to the product developer and outlines that the product is able to be sold in Canada for a specific mentioned reason as well as include the limitations on the product as provided by Health Canada.
• Labelling of Foods Derived from Biotechnology is required to all foods whether created through genetic engineering or not. It is absolutely required if the food has any health or safety issues such as allergens.
If it involves Environmental/Industrial Products it requires:
• To follow the policies and regulations related to protecting the health and safety of Canadians and the environment. Health Canada has a system that outlines these obligations. This process occurs before manufacture or import and depending on the substance, at the research and development stage.
• Monitoring and Tracking requires the product to be assessed through collecting, integrating, analyzing, and interpreting data and finally to distribute this information.
A. If your business involves contained use of GMMs,
1. Run a risk assessment
2. Assign an appropriate risk class to your activity
3. Notify the competent authority about your planned use
4. Follow the safety measures which apply to the risk class identified
For more details, read Directive 2009/41/EC.
B. If your business involves releasing GMOs into the environment,
1. Run a risk assessment
2. Notify the competent authority about your planned use
3. After completion of a release, send to the competent authority the result of the release in respect of any risk to human health or the environment
4. Notify the competent authority about your product placement on the market
5. Following the placing on the market of a GMO as or in a product, ensure that monitoring and reporting on it are carried out according to the conditions specified in the consent.
For more details, read Directive 2001/18/EC.
C. If your business involves selling or producing genetically modified food or feed,
1. Apply to a competent authority supplying them with relevant information
2. Follow appropriate labelling guidelines once you have received the authorisation
For more details, read Regulation (EC) 1829/2003.
D. If the product you want to sell inside the EU includes GMO,
1. Inform trade buyers in writing that a product contains GMOs (or provide a ‘declaration of use’ for products intended for food or animal feed).
2. Communicate the unique identifiers assigned to each GMO under the regulation.
3. Identify each ingredient produced from GMOs, if an ingredients list exists (for food and feed).
This information should be provided at every stage in the production and distribution chain and kept for 5 years.
For more details, read Regulation (EC) 1830/2003.
E. Finally, check if the country in which you plan to start your business, does not have additional restrictions. You should contact the competent authority operating in your country before you commit any capital.
Prior to any use of a GMM, a business must first obtain a licence from the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator. This process involves providing detailed information about the host, donor, transferred DNA, properties of the GMM and where it will be grown. A formal risk assessment is then carried out by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator who then make a decision as to whether a licence will be granted.
In order to use a GMM in your business, one needs to fulfill numerous requirements. The development of any GMM must be monitored by the CTNBio and the regulatory agencies. If your company is going to start working with GMM, the first step is getting the Certified of Biosafety by CTNBio and create an internal committee of biosafety. Then, you need the approval by the regulatory agency (e.g. Anvisa for human purposes and the MAPA for agriculture purposes). You are going to need to fulfill a lot of requirements in order to get the registry and the permission to develop your research in your lab.
For agriculture purposes, once you have finished your research inside the lab, the CTNBio will evaluate it and emit a position paper that will allow you to do a planned and controlled release. To do that, you are going to need to fulfill the requirements of the Normative Resolution n. 6 of November 6th, 2008.
For medical purposes, once you finished your research inside the lab, you are going to need to ask Anvisa for a registry of biological medication and you are going to need to fulfill all of the requirements stared in the Resolution n. 55 of December 16th, 2010.
Once your product is registered and approved by CTNBio and MAPA or Anvisa, you will be able to release and/or commercialise it.
It is forbidden to commercialise GMOs, the only way to establish a business with them is to export seeds. This is only allowed once an environmental impact study regulated by the National Service of Agriculture and Livestock (SAG) has been undertaken.
Approval process for commercial release of GMOs:
1. Initially, the company developing the GMOs undertakes several biosafety assessments including, environmental, food, and feed safety assessments in containment.
2. This is followed by Bio-safety Research Trials which require prior approval of the regulators, the GEAC and the RCGM.
3. Approval for large scale Field Trials and evaluation protocol for environmental release is accorded by the GEAC after considering the findings of bio-safety studies.
4. The Ministry of Agriculture(DAC/ICAR) would then provide approval for commercial release/notification/registration of variety(ies)/hybrid(s), which is followed by post-release monitoring by MInistry of Agriculture & State governments(DAC/ICAR).
5. Finally, commercial release is permitted only for those GMOs found to be safe for humans and the environment.
6. For the released GMO, the application data is prepared and then submitted to, Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBSC).
For Exchange/import/export of genetically engineered organism and products (following details are to be submitted to IBSC/RCGM):
1. General details and Agreements:
Name of IBSC, Registration No. and date, Minutes and Date of IBSC Meeting, Consignor’s Name & Address, Consignee’s Name & Address, Activity for which approval is sought(Import/Export/Exchange), Material Transfer Agreement duly signed by both parties, Utilization certificate, Whether the GE organisms /LMO/toxin is belonging to SCOMET* list of DGFT *If yes, applicant has to apply to DGFT in cases of export
2. Scientific Information:
Title of Proposal, Objectives of proposal, Material Transported, Quantity to be Exchanged/Imported/Exported , Biochemical Characterization, Information of GE Organisms/LMO, Certificate of analysis, if applicable, Containment facility, Summary of proposed activity.
The certificate issued from the 4 ministries mentioned above after being assessed by The Biosafety Commission and The Technical Team for Biosafety as proof that the GMMs have fulfilled the main requirements for biosafety which include Environmental Safety, Food Safety, and Feed Safety. To fulfill the Environmental Safety, the GMMs need to have clear information regarding the description and objective of use, the detected phenotypic and genotypic changes, the taxonomical identity, the physiology and reproduction, the inserted gene origin, the genetic engineering method adopted, the molecular characteristic, the product of gene expression, and the method to destruct the GMMs when any disruptions happen. To fulfill the Food and Feed Safety, the GMMs need to have clear information regarding the genetic engineering method adopted, the nutritional (includes the protein, carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, fatty acid, minerals, and vitamins) content of the GMMs have to be substantially similar with the non-GMMs, the content of any toxic substance and allergens have to be substantially similar with the non-GMMs, the protein product expressed by the gene need to be non-allergenic.
A. If you use GMMs in an open system (e.g. agriculture use, bioremediation use)
In the use of open system, first, you have to apply for the approval of use regulations with the evaluation sheet of biodiversity influence to Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of the Environment. Once you got approval, you can start using GMMs. At the same time, you have to report the results of the information collected after using GMMs. And you will also get site inspections by Ministries written above as well as independent administrative institutions (FAMIC, NARO, NLBC, FRA). As a result, you will get administrative orders and you have to follow these order by re-submitting information or change/annulment of the use regulations.
B. If you use GMMs in closed system (e.g. using GMMs for production of enzymes/catalysts, using GMMs for production of reagents/ industrial materials)
If you use GMMs inside faculties and prevent GMMs to diffuse, first you have to check if the GMM you're using is on the GILSP list. If it is on the list, you have to follow the steps to prevent diffusions that are prescribed and start using GMMs. Then, you have to report using situations and you will get inspections and orders. If the GMM is not on the GILSP list, you have to fill in a diffusion prevention measures sheet and send it to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Once those measures are approved, you will follow the same steps above.
For the usage of the GMOs, an individual has to submit the examination application form for Biosafety, with 4000 dollars of examination fee, to the Ministry that is in charge of the usage. Which means, if you are willing to use the GMOs related to agriculture, it is the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs that you have to submit the application to. The examination of the GMO is done in two different aspects. One is the human body risks and the other is the environmental risks. The Ministry of Korea Centers for Disease Control and prevention proceeds the former test, and Three institutes, including The Ministry of Environment, Rural Development Administration, and National Fisheries Research & Development Institute proceeds the latter test. About 210 days are required for each of the examinations.
After all the processes, one can finally get the Biosafety report for the GMOs. the result is posted on the site (Korea Biosafety Clearing House) so that the data is available to not only the applicant, but also to anyone interested.
4. As an employer who exposes their workers to biological agents, what safety measures am I obliged to adopt?
• Reduce the risk of manipulation to the maximum.
• Identify the level of risk.
• Use of necessary safety equipment for each activity.
• Maintain the necessary information and supervision with trained personnel.
• Maintain an infection prevention protocol and equipment in case of emergency.
• Good hygiene of workers.
• Special conditions and restrictions on air circulation.
• Waste disposal protocols, among others.
In the United States, Australia, Brazil and Indonesia, these protocols for the manipulation of biological agents are all that is required to protect the workers involved. On the other hand, the European Union, Japan and India also require medical records of all workers exposed to biological agents to be kept for a specified period of time. Japan additionally requires the employers to hold medical check-ups every 6 months for the exposed workers. The legislations of EU, Korea, Canada, Chile and India group biological agents according to the risk they might create. These groups, in turn, determine what safety measures are to be taken in each case.
In Korea, Canada and Chile, the facilities must also be located in an isolated or secluded location. Chile only requires it for biosafety levels 3 and 4. Finally, Korea and India require the existence of a decontamination room between the work area and the outside.
Employers are not required to adopt any specific safety measures just because their workers will be exposed to biological agents. Instead, under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), they are only required to address any health concerns a specific organism might pose.
The specific guidelines facilities adopt depend on the risk group classification of the agents involved. For the handling of biological materials under Risk Group 1, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and CFIA recommends containment level 1 (CL1) safety guidelines, however no requirements are specified. Risk group 1 includes any biological materials that are potentially pathogenic to humans or animals, but are very unlikely to be so, or are not pathogenic at all. Some recommendations for CL1 facilities outlined in the Canadian Biosafety Standard are as follows:
1. The designated areas for handling biological materials should be separated from public areas and administrative work areas.
2. There should be designated hand and eye wash stations appropriate for facility operations.
3. Appropriate personal protective equipment, such as safety glasses, lab coats and, footwear covering the feet, must be worn.
4. Only authorized personnel and visitors should be allowed in the facility.
5. Waste materials must be disposed in the proper containers and wastes that came into contact with biological materials must be decontaminated before disposal.
6. Proper hand washing techniques must be employed after coming into contact with biological materials.
7. Procedures must incorporate proper aseptic technique and minimizes contamination and the formation of aerosols.
8. Food and drinks should be prohibited from the lab.
9. Personnel must be trained for the safe handling and storing of biological materials to protect them.
10. Safety guidelines must be kept up-to-date.
To work with biological materials in higher risk groups (2, 3, and 4), in addition to adopting the appropriate containment level, a Pathogen and Toxin Licence must be obtained from PHAC. Although CL1 provides the foundational biosafety guidelines for these containment levels, further requirements must be followed to minimize contamination and hazards to personnel working with high risk group pathogens. Additional information for the operations of these controlled facilities are discussed in the Canadian Biosafety Standard Second Edition handbook.
1. Risks
a. Create a risk assessment
b. Assign your activity an appropriate risk class (to Class 1 activities the rest does not apply)
c. Eliminate any unnecessary risks
d. Reduce any remaining risks to a minimum
e. Renew the assessment regularly
2. Provide the competent authority with relevant information upon
a. Any accident
b. Request
c. The first usage of group 2, 3 or 4 biological agents
d. Identifying worker’s disease/death as a result of work undertaken
3. Provide health surveillance to the exposed workers
a. Provide vaccines when necessary
b. Identify workers for whom special protective measures might be necessary
c. Keep relevant medical records for at least 10 year following the end of exposure
d. Keep a list of exposed workers to class 3 or class 4 risk usages
4. Keep good hygiene
a. Provide workers with appropriate clothing
b. Provide appropriate storage for the equipment
5. Provide workers with relevant training
For more details, read Directive 2000/54/EC.
Currently there are no limits to worker exposure to biological agents. However, employers are required under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 to provide a safe working environment that minimises health risks. This can include providing information, supervision, training and protective equipment (if necessary). A risk assessment must also be performed and the employer must take required measures to reduce these risks.
There are no rules regarding specifically the exposure to biological agents; the employers must monitor the exposure levels under the same rules for other substances (Act 3214/1978).
1. Generation of protocols for risks and exposure evaluation.
2. Specific actions over biological agents and disinfection.
3. Elaboration of guides for reception, manipulation, transport and biological agents diffusion in the labour place.
4. Generation of new protocols associated with the area as elimination and disposal of dangerous biological residues.
5. Certification of bio-clean areas, biohazards control zones and sampling of viable bioparticules.
General requirements for biological agents manipulation:
1. Use of personal protection equipment (PPE) according to the activity (D.S. N°173/82 by Health Ministry).
2. The PPE must not hinder in the work done. Workers must be informed about the right use of PPE before to start working.
3. There are regulations for every biosafety level:
Level number
Activities and their risks
Laboratory techniques and practices
Primary barrier
Secondary barrier
1
Activities developed in a basic laboratory with trained staff.
There’s no proof that it produces diseases in healthy adults.Standard written techniques.
Lists of chemical substances with their safety formSink, procedure table, swinging door, basic equipment with safety devices, mandatory use of: non-slip closed footwear, closed apron, gloves, goggles resistant to chemicals.
Washable paint screened windows, non-slip washable floor, washable tables, extinguisher, eyes washer radioactive installation with authorized operator.
2
Activities developed in a basic laboratory with trained staff in moderated risks associated with human diseases.
Percutaneous risks, ingestion, mucous membranes exposure.Standard written practices and protocols about microorganisms, sharpening elements, tables decontamination, autoclave, restricted access, warning of biological hazards, list of substances with their safety forms.
Biological security cabinet with HEPA filters and ULPA (1 or 2 class), physical containment devices, safety equipment devices, mandatory use of non-slip closed footwear, closed apron, goggles resistant to chemicals, protective face mask, respirator with filter according what is handled, heat resistant gloves, PVC apron, laboratory cap.
All of level 1 plus autoclave available with installation permission and a licensed operator, radioactive installation with a licenced operator.
3
Laboratory activities of containment.
The staff must must be trained in specific operation of toxic agents with high risk of transmission with aerosolPractices and protocols of level two plus: controlled access,decontamination of all the residues, decontamination of the work clothes
Biological security cabinet with HEPA filters and ULPA (1 or 2 class), physical containment devices, safety equipment devices used for all open manipulation of agents, mandatory use of non-slip closed footwear, closed apron, goggles resistant to chemicals, protective face mask, respirator with filter according what is handled, heat resistant gloves, PVC apron, laboratory cap.
All of level 2 plus: separation of access corridors, access with automatic close in double door, the exhaust air is not recirculated, negative air flow inside the laboratory.
4
Activities in a laboratory of maximum containment, that manipulate pathogens, dangerous and exotic agents of high risk for life.
The staff is trained in the management of extremely infectious agents.Standard written practices and protocols of level 3, plus: change of clothes before entering the lab, shower before leaving it, decontamination of materials at the exit of the facilities.
Biological security cabinet with HEPA filters and ULPA class 3, physical containment devices for open manipulation of agents, mandatory use of non-slip closed footwear, closed apron, goggles resistant to chemicals, protective face mask, respirator with filter according what is handled, heat resistant gloves, PVC apron, laboratory cap.
Remote building or isolated area, specialized vacuum and decontaminated power and exhaust system.
1. For BSL-1 (level-1)
i. These microorganisms are unlikely to cause human disease or animal disease of veterinary importance. Ideally, however, staff members should be subjected to a pre-employment health surveillance procedure regarding past medical history.
ii. Prompt reporting of illness or laboratory accident is desirable and all staff members should be made aware of the importance of maintaining good laboratory safety practice.
2. For BSL- 2 (level-2)
i. Pre-employment or pre-placement health surveillance is necessary. This screening should include the past medical history. A clinical examination and the collection of a baseline serum sample would be advantageous and, in some cases, may be necessary.
ii. Records of illness and absence should be kept by the laboratory director and it is the responsibility of the laboratory worker and his own medical adviser to keep the director informed of all absences due to illness.
Monitoring should ensure that:
i. Only highly trained personnel are entering in the facility.
ii. Person working in the facility are not transporting the laboratory materials including hazardous organism outside the laboratory environment either without permission or without proper transport strategy with prior approval from competent authority.
iii. Person working in the laboratory are well aware about the microorganism(s) to be handled and its associated risks.
iv. Accidental spill or splashes are cleaned immediately, reported and recorded.
3. BSL-3
i. Protective solid-front laboratory clothing shall be worn by workers when in the laboratory and shall NOT be worn outside the laboratory.
ii. An eye protection policy should be in place. Eye protection devices must be worn when the chance of eye contamination exists.
iii. Respiratory protective equipment should be used if the microorganism has higher possibility of spread through aerosolization.
iv. Appropriate gloves must be worn. Frequent glove changing and handwashing is standard practice.
v. Cleaning and re-use conditions (if permitted) should be clearly defined.
vi. Medical examination of all laboratory personnel working in the containment laboratory is mandatory. This examination should include a detailed past medical history and clinical examination.
vii. A baseline serum sample should be obtained and stored for future reference.
viii. Employees either immunocompromised or being treated with immunosuppressive drugs should not be employed in containment laboratories.
4. BSL-4
i. Personnel who enter the suit area are required to wear a one-piece, positively pressurized, HEPA filter-supplied air suit. Air to the suit must be provided by a system that has a 100% redundant capability with an independent source of air, for use in the event of an emergency.
ii. Worker must pass through a suit decontamination room before entering and leaving the working area.
Same as BSL-3 rules.
For women
Women of childbearing age should be made aware, in unequivocal terms, of the risks to the unborn child of occupational exposures to hazardous microorganisms, such as rubella and cytomegalovirus. The precise steps taken to protect the fetus will vary, depending on the microorganisms to which exposure may occur.
Same as men in all levels.
Mainly the general safety measures done on a genetic laboratory practice, which include the confinement procedure to not let any forms of genetic material (includes the seeds, spores, or any means of reproductive structure) to escape the laboratories used for the research and development of the GMMS.
In Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare established The standard of manufacture management and quality management of biological agents and The standard of structive facility of manufacturing place of biological agents. In this standard, there are several safety measures of workers.
• Keep good hygiene of workers
1. Don't let irrelevant people come inside the workplace.
2. Make workers wear disinfected shoes, working clothings, working caps, and working masks.
3. Make workers follow the rules when going in the workplaces that handles different microorganism or biological agents.
4. Don't let workers who are engaged in manufacture step manage animals.
5. Provide vaccines and other infection prevention measures when necessary, and make workers get medical check up on a regular basis.
6. If making biological agents using people's blood or plasma, provide vaccine of Hepatitis B virus etc. to workers if necessary.
• Manage hygiene of workers in a sterilised zone or clean zone
1. Check if workers are not in a dangerous condition by microorganism pollution or other reasons.
2. Let workers get medical check ups every 6 months.
Korean government assign different biosafety levels from 1 to 4, to each of the GMOs according to the safety examination. There are some differences between the GMOs with relatively lower risks (levels 1,2) and higher risks (levels 3,4)
1. Location of the facilities
a. In common
i. The facility has to be separated from general area.
ii. Name of the person in charge, contact number, biosafety level, and license number should be on written on the main entrance.
b. Levels 3 and 4
i. Facility should be separated from the testing area.
ii. There should be an Inter- facility room between the general area and the facility.
2. Air conditioning
a. Levels 3 and 4
i. Negative pressure must be maintained to prevent spill and recirculation
ii. Ventilation must be done 10 times at least each hour
iii. HEPA filter must be installed in any ducts and air conditioning systems
iv. Preparatory HEPA filter box should be placed
3. Safety facility
a. Levels 3 and 4
i. Hand and eye sterilizers must be installed
ii. Emergency shower facility must be installed near the contaminated working clothes undressing room
4. Waste disposal facility
a. In common
i. Waste : must be treated by chemicals or high pressure steam sterilization (autoclave method) in order to remove any of the biologic activity. (autoclave method is strictly required for level 3 and 4)
ii. Waste water: must be treated by chemicals or high pressure steam sterilization (autoclave method) in order to remove any of the biologic activity. (autoclave method is strictly required for level 4)
5. Criteria of management
a. In common
i. All entrance must always be closed unless they are used, and only authorised ones should enter the facility.
ii. Working clothes must be equipped and used.
iii. Immigration control ledger must be equipped and used.
5. As a consumer, how do I know if a product I want to buy contains GMO?
In contrast, most of Europe, Asia and Oceania have strict guidelines surrounding labelling of GMO products. The European Union, Australia, India and Indonesia all require the packaging of such products to be bear the label “this product contains genetically modified organisms”, although exceptions do exist in the form of medical products (in the European Union) and foods produced by animals fed with GMO foods (in Australia). Japan and Korea follow a percentage scale, with GMO labelling required if a product contains more than 5% and 1% genetically-modified ingredients respectively.
There are no requirements for labelling products that contain GMOs.
In Canada, under the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Health Canada. The Standards Council of Canada has taken in the Voluntary Labelling and Advertising of Foods That Are and Are Not Products of Genetic Engineering. This states a requirement to label food that may potentially cause health and safety risks and well as have any considerable changes in nutrition and composition. Thus, there are no policies put in place for the mandatory labelling of foods detailing if they’re genetically modified unless there are reasons to do so such as a potential health and safety risks. Many food products might not be directly genetically modified but may contain ingredients such as corn or soy which have been genetically modified. To know if a food or its ingredients have been genetically modified, one would have to contact the manufacturer.
Final consumer packaging or pre-packaged products containing GMOs should be labelled: ‘This product contains genetically modified organisms [or the names of the organisms]’. This does not apply to medical products.
Under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, it is a legal requirement for any food products derived from GMMs be labelled with the words “genetically modified” to ensure that consumers can make informed purchasing decisions. However, an exception to this is any foods produced by animals fed GM products which are not required to have this label.
Any product made for human consumption that has different nutritional characteristics than conventional ones due to its genetic modifications must be clearly labeled as GM.
India has supported the mandatory labeling of GM food by Codex.
Out of the two options under discussion by Codex i.e.
Option 1 requires labeling when the products obtained through biotechnology differ significantly from the corresponding food as regards the composition, nutritional value or intended use.
Option 2 requires the declaration of the method of production for food and ingredients composed of or containing genetically modified/engineered organisms and food or food ingredients produced from, but not containing, genetically modified/engineered organisms if they contain protein or DNA resulting from gene technology or differ significantly from the corresponding food.
The labeling of food derived from biotechnology is a major issue for India as its delegation at the CCFL has been seeking to achieve mandatory labeling as set out in Option 2. However, Option 2 has also raised a number of issues of concern including the enforcement, methodology, economic cost, consumer perception and difficulties likely to be faced.
The products must be clearly labeled they contain GMO if they do.
There are no requirements for labeling products that do not contain modified gene or products do not contain protein made by a modified gene. There are requirements for labeling products of which the modified gene constitutes more than 5% of its materials or if the genetically modified ingredient is within the top 3 ingredients.
Any product containing more than 1% of genetically modified material, such as DNA and proteins, must be labeled as GM food.
6. What are the most important documents related to GMMs?
When it comes to Biosafety, places like European Union, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Korea, India, and Indonesia clearly have got laws and regulations concerning biosafety and documents are supposed to be submitted in this regard. US and Canada do not seem to have any separate regulation regarding biosafety. However, in the US, Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology (1986) ensures the safety of the public.
For GMMs products (food, drugs, cosmetics etc.), places like the European Union, United state, India, and Canada have a policy and law for the use and regulation of GMM products. To use GMM products in these countries, the government formalities should be done before use, as stated in their laws and policies. In Brazil, there is a registry for biological products. In Japan and Korea there is no such law for GMM products. In Indonesia, supplementary documents must be submitted to use GMM biological foods and products. In Australia, there is no such law for GMM products.
In terms of international trade (export, import), countries like the United States, India, and Korea have clear laws detailing the procedures. They have taken permission and submission of documents to the law regarding this export and import of GMM uses. In European countries, these directly come under the laws of regulations of GMMs. There seems to be no specific laws regulating international GMM trade in Australia, Japan, Korea and Canada.
The most important documents related to GMMs are concerned with biosafety, food, trade and production processes. In places such as India, European Union, United States, Brazil, Japan, Canada, there are many different laws regulating each of these issues. On the other hand, Korea, Indonesia, and Australia have only one or two laws governing all these issues.
1. Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology (1986)
2. Plant Protection Act
3. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1992)
4. New Animal Drug Application
5. Public Health Service Act
6. Toxic Substance Control Act
7. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
8. National Environmental Policy Act
1. Voluntary labelling and advertising of foods that are and are not products of genetic engineering Canadian General Standards Board, 32.315- 2004 Reaffirmed May 2016
2. Foods and Drugs Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. F-27
3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act, S.C. 1997, c. 6
4. Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-38
5. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, S.C. 1999, c. 33
6. Natural Health Products Regulation, SOR/2003-196
1. Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release of GMOs into the environment
2. Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed
3. Directive (EU) 2015/412 amending Directive 2001/18/EC as regards the possibility for the Member States to restrict or prohibit the cultivation of GMOs in their territory
4. Regulation (EC) 1830/2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms
5. Directive 2009/41/EC on contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms. Regulation (EC) 1946/2003 on transboundary movements of GMOs
6. Directive 2000/54/EC on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work
7. Commission Regulation (EC) No 65/2004 on unique identifiers for genetically modified organisms
1. The Gene Technology Act 2000
2. The Gene Technology Regulations 2001
3. Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004
1. Law 11105/2005 - Biosafety Law: creates the National Technical Committee of Biosafety (CTNBio)
2. Law 11460/2007 on planting GMMs in unities of conservation
3. Act 5591/2005 regulates the Biosafety Law
4. Normative Resolution 2, November 27th, 2006 on the classification of GMMs’ risks and the biosafety levels
5. Normative Resolution 5, March 12th, 2008 on the commercial release of GMMs and its derivatives
6. RDC 55/2010 on the registry of biological products (e. g. biopharmaceuticals)
1. SAG Resolution 1523 of 2001 for Importation of Propagation Material (seeds).
2. Law 19.300 from Ministry of Environment for using GMOs in industries.
3. Decree 40 from Ministry of Environment for environmental impact study.
1. Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 - No. 29 OF 1986
2. “Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells 1989”
3. ‘Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines, 1990’
4. ‘Regulations and guidelines on biosafety of recombinant DNA research and biocontainment, 2017’
5. Seed Policy, 2002
6. THE FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS BILL, 2005
The Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 year of 2005 (PP No. 21/2005) on Biosafety of GMO. Under this regulation, there are 17 minor supplementary documents for regulation of GMOs on specific aspects such as biological diversity, fishery industry, and plantation.
1. Act 18/06/2003 on the conservation and sustainable use of Biological diversity through regulations on the use of living modified organisms.
2. Law 18/06/2003 on sharing by competent minister concerning each measure.
3. Law 11/2003 - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
4. Directive 21/11/2003 – Type1 and Type2 use of living modified organisms in Japan.
5. 21/11/2003 Announce of submit Biological diversity risk assessment report.
6. 21/11/2003 Announce of Basic matter that have to be taken into account by a person who makes use of living modified organisms in order to undertake such acts properly.
7. 29/01/2004 Announce of diffusion containment measures in research and development , industrial use.
1. Sep 2000 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
2. Mar 2001 ‘The law about the transport of genetically modified organism between nations’ (the LMO law)
Discussion
As a final comment, we wanted to reflect on the principles standing behind any GMM related legislations: ensuring citizens’ safety. As any scientific field, synthetic biology makes enormous contributions to the development of a more sustainable future. iGEM teams alone have created numerous projects, thus helping solve environmental, medical and nutritional problems. When left unchecked, however, gene modification may interfere with natural biodiversity and lead to irreversible outcomes. Government’s laissez-faire approach to the field of synthetic biology is, therefore, hardly ever seen. Yet the crux of the matter seems to be finding the golden mean as banning GMOs altogether would not necessarily make the world a safer place.
