Difference between revisions of "Team:Heidelberg/Cytochrome Engineering"

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Figue 1: Selection process for improved CYP1A2 variants in directed evolution experiment|
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Figue 1: Selection process for improved CYP1A2 variants in directed evolution experiments|
 
   The evolutionary circle starts by M13 phages injecting their genome (SP) into bacterial cells, already containing two additional plasmids, AP and MP. The SP encodes CYP1A2 among genes (except geneIII) that are crucial for phage propagation. If through MP activation mutations in the CYP1A2 gene lead to improved CYP1A2 variants the intracellular level of theophylline increases. Theophylline molecules activate the theophylline riboswitch on the AP and thereby enhance geneIII expression. The assembled phages containing the improved CYP1A2 variant can leave the cell and propagate by infecting new cells.
 
   The evolutionary circle starts by M13 phages injecting their genome (SP) into bacterial cells, already containing two additional plasmids, AP and MP. The SP encodes CYP1A2 among genes (except geneIII) that are crucial for phage propagation. If through MP activation mutations in the CYP1A2 gene lead to improved CYP1A2 variants the intracellular level of theophylline increases. Theophylline molecules activate the theophylline riboswitch on the AP and thereby enhance geneIII expression. The assembled phages containing the improved CYP1A2 variant can leave the cell and propagate by infecting new cells.
 
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         <h1>Design of evolution circuit</h1>
 
         <h1>Design of evolution circuit</h1>
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Our evolution circuit for cytochrome engineering works as follows: Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells by introducing their genome. The genome encodes a Selection Plasmid (SP) that contains the human CYP1A2 variant and all necessary components for virus propagation except geneIII. The Accessory Plasmid (AP) codes for geneIII driven by a Psp-tet promoter and contains a riboswitch, located between the promoter and geneIII, which regulates the expression rate of geneIII. The riboswitch on the AP is only active if theophylline reaches a certain concentration within the bacterium. If CYP1A2 is active, caffeine is converted to theophylline and thereby increases the theophylline concentration. Additionally, the AP encodes for the chaperone HDJ-1, which is essential to receive the functional CYP1A2 enzyme (Fig.1).  
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Our evolution circuit for cytochrome engineering works as follows: Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells by introducing their genome. The genome encodes a Selection Plasmid (SP) that contains the human CYP1A2 variant and all necessary components for virus propagation except geneIII. The Accessory Plasmid (AP) codes for geneIII driven by a Psp-tet promoter and contains a riboswitch, located between the promoter and geneIII, which regulates the expression rate of geneIII. The riboswitch on the AP is only active if theophylline reaches a certain concentration within the bacterium. If CYP1A2 is active, caffeine is converted to theophylline and thereby increases the theophylline concentration. Additionally, the AP encodes for the chaperone HDJ-1, which is essential to receive the functional CYP1A2 enzyme <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Cytochrome_Engineering">(Fig.1)</a>.  
 
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Revision as of 19:25, 1 November 2017


Cytochrome Engineering
Modulating CYP1A2 product specifity
Cytochromes are heme-dependent enzymes of immense importance across all kingdoms of life. Due to their often highly promiscuous nature, the cytochrome P450 superfamily is of particular interest in context of enzyme engineering. In this subproject, we aimed at applying our PREDCEL toolbox for re-directing the catalytic activity of cytochromes towards desired products. Employing the caffeine-metabolizing human Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) as example, our team implemented a PREDCEL enzyme evolution workflow coupling phage survival to the production of a naturally unfavored catalytic product: theophylline. We created M13 phages encoding CYP1A2 as well as a corresponding accessory plasmid linking the intracellular theophylline levels to geneIII production via a theophylline riboswitch. After iterative propagation of the CYP1A2-encoding phages on mutagenic selection cells transformed with our accessory plasmid, we observed numerous, partially recurrent point mutations in CYP1A2, indicative of a successful evolution. Taken together, our work lays the foundation for the future engineering of enzymes by means of in vivo directed evolution with PREDCEL.

Introduction

Enzymes, i.e. proteins mediating specific, catalytic functions, are amongst the most powerful molecular machines invented by nature. Since decades, humans utilize naturally occurring enzymes as bio detergents (e.g. in washing powder kirk2002industrial), in the paper industry bajpai1999application and for food processing alkorta1998industrial.
The engineering of novel enzymes catalyzing reactions that do not or only inefficiently occur in nature holds great promise for biotechnological production of regenerative fuel, biomaterials and novel pharmaceuticals, e.g. based on Organosilicons. However, so far, enzyme engineering has typically been a time-consuming, elaborate, expensive and inefficient process, usually requiring laborious, iterative trial-and-error optimization of engineered candidates packer2015methods .
To accelerate the development of novel enzymes, our team harnessed the engineering strategy nature uses: Evolution.
Figue 1: Selection process for improved CYP1A2 variants in directed evolution experiments
The evolutionary circle starts by M13 phages injecting their genome (SP) into bacterial cells, already containing two additional plasmids, AP and MP. The SP encodes CYP1A2 among genes (except geneIII) that are crucial for phage propagation. If through MP activation mutations in the CYP1A2 gene lead to improved CYP1A2 variants the intracellular level of theophylline increases. Theophylline molecules activate the theophylline riboswitch on the AP and thereby enhance geneIII expression. The assembled phages containing the improved CYP1A2 variant can leave the cell and propagate by infecting new cells.

Background

The human Cytochrome CYP1A2 is an example of a heme-dependent-thiolate monooxygenase, member of the P450 superfamily and plays an important role in the metabolism of many structurally unrelated substrates. Primarily the CYP1A2 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells. It is of great interest as it is involved in the oxidative metabolism of many commonly used therapeutics and xenobiotics ahn2004high, such as caffeine. Caffeine undergoes degradation by CYP1A2 through an initial N3- demethylation into three xanthine derivates, 81.5% paraxanthine, 10.8% theobromine and 5.4% theophylline perera2010caffeine. The chemical structure of these three primary metabolites of caffeine only differ in their methylation pattern (Fig.3).
Figue 2: Chemical structure of caffeine
Caffeine is a substrate of CYP1A2 perera2010caffeine.
Figue 3: Chemical structures of Paraxanthine, Theobromine and Theophylline
By N3 demethylation caffeine is metabolized into these three xanthine derivates by CYP1A2 perera2010caffeine.

Design of evolution circuit

Our evolution circuit for cytochrome engineering works as follows: Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells by introducing their genome. The genome encodes a Selection Plasmid (SP) that contains the human CYP1A2 variant and all necessary components for virus propagation except geneIII. The Accessory Plasmid (AP) codes for geneIII driven by a Psp-tet promoter and contains a riboswitch, located between the promoter and geneIII, which regulates the expression rate of geneIII. The riboswitch on the AP is only active if theophylline reaches a certain concentration within the bacterium. If CYP1A2 is active, caffeine is converted to theophylline and thereby increases the theophylline concentration. Additionally, the AP encodes for the chaperone HDJ-1, which is essential to receive the functional CYP1A2 enzyme (Fig.1).

Experimental procedures

Testing CYP1A2`s activity

Before we could start to evolve the CYP1A2 we first checked whether the enzyme can be expressed in its functional tertiary structure in our E.coli strain. CYP1A2 requires a heme group as cofactor which coordinates iron ions, a fast test using sodium dithionite can be conducted to proof whether the CYP1A2 is properly folded. Thereby sodium dithionite acts as a reducing agent and can be used to quantitatively detect iron ions in aqueous solutions. When sodium dithionite is added to the cell lysate of E.coli cells expressing CYP1A2 and the corresponding chaperone protein HDJ-1 a color change can be detected even by the eye. Further OD measurement at 550 nm will show a peak, indicating the reduction of iron ions by sodium dithionite kan2016directed.
Figue 4: Test of CYP1A2 conformation by sodium dithionite
After the addition of sodium dithionite to the E.coli cell lysate (expressing CYP1A2) a color change could be detected as the solution turned darker/brown.

Optimized PREDCEL Workflow

In general the PREDCEL protocol is followed as described in the PREDCEL Protocol. After the culture is grown to OD600 of 0.6 and the MP is activated by exchanging the initial medium containing glucose (repressing the MP) by medium containing arabinose, an 3 hour inoculation with phages takes place until the phage supernatant is transferred for the first time. After three rounds of passaging, the obtained phage supernatant is used to infect another E.coli strain, ensuring fast propagation of phages without selection pressure over night. Thereby phage wash out can be prevented and a sufficient phage titer can be generated for the inoculation of next PREDCEL culture. This is repeated after the next three rounds of selection are completed (Fig. 5).
Figue 1: title
gigure x with explanation of plaque assays

References