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                                     About us
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             <h1>Why phages?</h1>
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             <h1>Our project</h1>
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              Bacteriophages have the potential to solve one of the greatest medical threats of our time: antibiotic resistant bacteria. They are capable of killing select bacteria, while leaving other bacteria, as well as animal and plant cells, unharmed. For this reason they are not harmful to humans and animals. Moreover they are easily available as they exist more or less everywhere, and are plentiful in both soil and aquatic environments. For engineering purposes some advantages are that they have intrinsic evolutionary capabilities, as well as being easily manipulated and grown in large numbers. This is something we will try to take advantage of in our project.  
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                A major challenge for phage therapy is the <i>high host specificity of phages</i>. A phage that is capable of
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                killing one bacterial infection will not automatically be capable of killing another similar bacterial
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<br><br>  
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                infection. In terms of safety and side effects, this is a good thing, as bacteriophages targeted towards
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                harmful bacteria would not be capable of harming the cells or beneficial bacterial flora of the patient.
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There are many potential applications of bacteriophages. In the area of medicine, phage therapy is the most obvious use of phages, but they might also be used for sanitazion purposes. Bacteria also play a major role in areas such as agriculture, both in terms of livestock feed and plant health, aquaculture, food processing, especially of cheese and dairy products, as well as wine production and brewing. Bacteriphages could potentially be used to counter unwanted bacterial growth in all these areas. Precision control of microbial growth might also be a possible future application.
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                However, in the case of a serious bacterial infection, it is obviously crucial for the patient to get the
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                medicine in time to recover safely and well.
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                <br><br>
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                We were eager to try to counter this challenge. <i>For our project, we therefore aimed to develop a method
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                of evolving phages capable of infecting a targeted bacterial strain that they were previously not able
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                to infect.</i> This method needed to be able to quickly producing tailored phages, keeping us one step
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                ahead of the resistant bacteria. Our project can be divided into 3 parts.
 
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             <h1>Why not yet?</h1> <!-- Don't work properly -->
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             <h1>1) Collecting, isolating and purifying phages</h1>
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                 Phage therapy does however have several issues to be ironed out before becoming a
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                 Phages are plentiful in nature and exists wherever bacteria are found. By taking environmental samples
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mainstream medical treatment. One major stumbling block for phage therapy is the high
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                from a wastewater treatment plant, we collected a broad range of bacteriophages. Bacteriophages capable
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host specificity of phages. Many phages can only infect certain strains of a bacterial
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                of infecting and killing <i>Escherichia coli</i> DH5α were amplified by mixing the environmental water
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species. This creates the need for either large libraries of potential phages, or a  
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                samples with growth medium and inocculating the mixture with <i>E. coli</i> DH5α.
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quick method of developing a phage capable of fighting a given bacterial infection.
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In order to solve this problem, our project attempts the latter method.
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                <p>Plaques of phages grown on <i>Escherichia coli</i> DH5α. First run.</p>
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                The bacteriophages were purified by sentrifugation and filtering, and isolated by adding purified phage
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                mix to growing <i>E. coli</i> DH5α and plating them on agar plates. The bacteriophages could be seen as plaques
 +
                (empty spots with no bacterial growth) that was cut out of the agar and stored. In this way we got
 +
                bacteriophages capable of infecting a given bacterial strain, <i>E. coli</i> DH5α.
 +
                <br><br>
 +
                See <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:NTNU_Trondheim/Experiments">protocols</a> for a detailed description of the isolation and purification process.
 
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            <!-- The width of the page the picture will occupy. The height is calculated from it to honor the source dimensions. Should NOT exceed 70%-->
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            <h1>2) Evolving a bacteriophage capable of infecting target bacteria</h1>
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            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/3/36/T--NTNU_Trondheim--phage_evolution.png">
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                In order to evolve bacteriophages capable of infecting target bacteria, we needed a controlled environment
 +
                that favoured phages capable of infecting target bacteria. We built a bacterium/bacteriophage control
 +
                system consisting of 3 coupled chemostats and two connected containers for medium (see figure).
 +
                Photosensors capable of measuring real-time concentration of bacteria and phages in the out-flow were
 +
                constructed. For a description of the hardware we built from scratch, see <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:NTNU_Trondheim/Hardware">hardware</a>.
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            </p>
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                <div class="paragraph_no_img">
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                    <p>
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                        We had to set up a controlled environment that favoured phages capable of infecting some chosen
 +
                        target bacteria. In order to do this we first had to evolve phage host bacteria so that they could
 +
                        become resistant towards the phages. These were used as the target bacteria. The process was done
 +
                        in a single chemostat: When phages and bacteria are mixed, this creates an evolutionary pressure
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                        for the bacteria to develop resistance towards the phage, and those capable of developing this
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                        resistance will survive in the chemostat.
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                        <br><br>
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                        Once having one bacterial strain resistant towards the phage (target bacteria), and one bacterial
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                        strain non-resistant towards the phage (acting as phage hosts), we could proceed in the triple
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                        chemostat system (see figure):
 +
                    </p>
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                </div>
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                    <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2017/6/6e/T--NTNU_Trondheim--Chemostat_illustration.png">
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                    <p>Illustration of chemostat setup.</p>
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                </div>
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                    <p>
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                        Medium from two separate containers was pumped into two separate chemostats, chemostat 1 and 2.
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                        Chemostat 1 contained the host bacteria (not phage resistant) and chemostat 2 contained the
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                        target bacteria (phage resistant). The contents of chemostats 1 and 2 were further pumped into
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                        chemostat 3 and mixed there. The bacteriophages were also pumped into chemostat 3. Phages,
 +
                        bacteria and medium was continously pumped out of chemostat 3 and measured to control the
 +
                        bacterial concentration.
 +
                        <br><br>
 +
                        The reason for this set-up was to be able to continously provide the bacteriophages
 +
                        with new hosts from chemostat 1, giving them a chance to evolve and overcome the resistance
 +
                        of the target bacteria pumped from chemostat 2. If not provided with available hosts, there
 +
                        was a risk that the bacteriophages would get flushed out of the chemostat because they didn’t
 +
                        evolve fast enough to be able to infect the target bacteria. With our set-up, this problem was
 +
                        avoided, so that the phages could continue infecting and replicating within the host bacteria and
 +
                        simultaneously evolving until they were also capable of infecting the resistant bacteria.
 +
                    </p>
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                    Hide
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             <h1>Our project</h1>
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             <h1>3) Increase the mutation rate of bacteria</h1>
 
             <p>
 
             <p>
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                 For our project, we aim to develop a method of evolving phages capable of infecting
+
                 Since our platform relies on mutation/evolution of bacteria, it is useful to accelerate the natural
−
a target bacteria strain. We plan to first harvest a catalogue of phages and identify
+
                mutation rate of the bacteria. We therefore contributed with a new biobrick, MP6, which is an inducible
−
their host bacteria. Phages are plentiful in nature, and by taking different water and
+
                plasmid that can be transformed into <i>E. coli</i> and increase the mutation rate of the bacteria. The mutational
−
soil samples, we will collect a variety of phages capable of infecting different
+
                activity is induced in the presence of Arabinose, and repressed in the presence of Glucose, making it
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bacteria. By genetically modifying host bacteria, we will accelerate the natural
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                possible to turn the transcription of the mutagenesis inducing proteins on and off.
−
mutation rate of our respective phages. We plan to set up a controlled environment that
+
                See <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:NTNU_Trondheim/Parts">parts</a> and <a href="https://2017.igem.org/Team:NTNU_Trondheim/Results">results</a> for more details.
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favorizes phages capable of also infecting the target bacteria. We believe this method will
+
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be capable of quickly producing tailored phages, keeping us one step ahead of the resistant
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bacteria.  
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Latest revision as of 18:15, 12 December 2017

Our project

A major challenge for phage therapy is the high host specificity of phages. A phage that is capable of killing one bacterial infection will not automatically be capable of killing another similar bacterial infection. In terms of safety and side effects, this is a good thing, as bacteriophages targeted towards harmful bacteria would not be capable of harming the cells or beneficial bacterial flora of the patient. However, in the case of a serious bacterial infection, it is obviously crucial for the patient to get the medicine in time to recover safely and well.

We were eager to try to counter this challenge. For our project, we therefore aimed to develop a method of evolving phages capable of infecting a targeted bacterial strain that they were previously not able to infect. This method needed to be able to quickly producing tailored phages, keeping us one step ahead of the resistant bacteria. Our project can be divided into 3 parts.

1) Collecting, isolating and purifying phages

Phages are plentiful in nature and exists wherever bacteria are found. By taking environmental samples from a wastewater treatment plant, we collected a broad range of bacteriophages. Bacteriophages capable of infecting and killing Escherichia coli DH5α were amplified by mixing the environmental water samples with growth medium and inocculating the mixture with E. coli DH5α.

Plaques of phages grown on Escherichia coli DH5α. First run.

The bacteriophages were purified by sentrifugation and filtering, and isolated by adding purified phage mix to growing E. coli DH5α and plating them on agar plates. The bacteriophages could be seen as plaques (empty spots with no bacterial growth) that was cut out of the agar and stored. In this way we got bacteriophages capable of infecting a given bacterial strain, E. coli DH5α.

See protocols for a detailed description of the isolation and purification process.

2) Evolving a bacteriophage capable of infecting target bacteria

In order to evolve bacteriophages capable of infecting target bacteria, we needed a controlled environment that favoured phages capable of infecting target bacteria. We built a bacterium/bacteriophage control system consisting of 3 coupled chemostats and two connected containers for medium (see figure). Photosensors capable of measuring real-time concentration of bacteria and phages in the out-flow were constructed. For a description of the hardware we built from scratch, see hardware.

Show more

Show less

We had to set up a controlled environment that favoured phages capable of infecting some chosen target bacteria. In order to do this we first had to evolve phage host bacteria so that they could become resistant towards the phages. These were used as the target bacteria. The process was done in a single chemostat: When phages and bacteria are mixed, this creates an evolutionary pressure for the bacteria to develop resistance towards the phage, and those capable of developing this resistance will survive in the chemostat.

Once having one bacterial strain resistant towards the phage (target bacteria), and one bacterial strain non-resistant towards the phage (acting as phage hosts), we could proceed in the triple chemostat system (see figure):

Illustration of chemostat setup.

Medium from two separate containers was pumped into two separate chemostats, chemostat 1 and 2. Chemostat 1 contained the host bacteria (not phage resistant) and chemostat 2 contained the target bacteria (phage resistant). The contents of chemostats 1 and 2 were further pumped into chemostat 3 and mixed there. The bacteriophages were also pumped into chemostat 3. Phages, bacteria and medium was continously pumped out of chemostat 3 and measured to control the bacterial concentration.

The reason for this set-up was to be able to continously provide the bacteriophages with new hosts from chemostat 1, giving them a chance to evolve and overcome the resistance of the target bacteria pumped from chemostat 2. If not provided with available hosts, there was a risk that the bacteriophages would get flushed out of the chemostat because they didn’t evolve fast enough to be able to infect the target bacteria. With our set-up, this problem was avoided, so that the phages could continue infecting and replicating within the host bacteria and simultaneously evolving until they were also capable of infecting the resistant bacteria.

Hide

3) Increase the mutation rate of bacteria

Since our platform relies on mutation/evolution of bacteria, it is useful to accelerate the natural mutation rate of the bacteria. We therefore contributed with a new biobrick, MP6, which is an inducible plasmid that can be transformed into E. coli and increase the mutation rate of the bacteria. The mutational activity is induced in the presence of Arabinose, and repressed in the presence of Glucose, making it possible to turn the transcription of the mutagenesis inducing proteins on and off. See parts and results for more details.

Email: igem-team@ntnu.no